Biblio

Wireless Sensor Network consists of hundreds to thousands of tiny sensor nodes deployed in the large field of the target phenomenon. Sensor nodes have advantages for its size, multifunctional, and inexpensive features; unfortunately, the resources are limited in terms of memory, computational, and in energy, especially. Network transmission between nodes and base station (BS) needs to be carefully designed to prolong the network life cycle. As the data transmission is energy consuming compared to data processing, designing sensor nodes into hierarchical network architecture is preferable because it can limit the network transmission. LEACH is one of the hierarchical network protocols known for simple and energy saving protocols. There are lots of modification made since LEACH was introduced for more energy efficient purposed. In this paper, hybridization of LEACH-C and LEACH-R and the modification have been presented for a more energy saving LEACH called LEACH-CR. Experimental result was compared with previous LEACH variant and showed to has advantages over the existing LEACH protocols in terms of energy consumption, dead/alive nodes, and the packet sent to Base Station. The result reflects that the consideration made for residual energy to select the cluster head and proximity transmission lead to a better energy consumption in the network.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) biometric authentication (EBA) is a promising approach for human identification, particularly in consumer devices, due to the individualized, ubiquitous, and easily identifiable nature of ECG signals. Thus, computing architectures for EBA must be accurate, fast, energy efficient, and secure. In this article, first, we implement an EBA algorithm to achieve 100% accuracy in user authentication. Thereafter, we extensively analyze the algorithm to show the distinct variance in execution requirements and reveal the latency bottleneck across the algorithm's different steps. Based on our analysis, we propose a domain-specific architecture (DSA) to satisfy the execution requirements of the algorithm's different steps and minimize the latency bottleneck. We explore different variations of the DSA, including one that features the added benefit of ensuring constant timing across the different EBA steps, in order to mitigate the vulnerability to timing-based side-channel attacks. Our DSA improves the latency compared to a base ARM-based processor by up to 4.24×, while the constant timing DSA improves the latency by up to 19%. Also, our DSA improves the energy by up to 5.59×, as compared to the base processor.

Nowadays wireless networks are fast, becoming more secure than their wired counterparts. Recent technological advances in wireless networking, IC fabrication and sensor technology have lead to the emergence of millimetre scale devices that collectively form a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and are radically changing the way in which we sense, process and transport signals of interest. They are increasingly become viable solutions to many challenging problems and will successively be deployed in many areas in the future such as in environmental monitoring, business, and military applications. However, deploying new technology, without security in mind has often proved to be unreasonably dangerous. This also applies to WSNs, especially those used in applications that monitor sensitive information (e.g., health care applications). There have been significant contributions to overcome many weaknesses in sensor networks like coverage problems, lack in power and making best use of limited network bandwidth, however; work in sensor network security is still in its infancy stage. Security in WSNs presents several well-known challenges stemming from all kinds of resource constraints of individual sensors. The problem of securing these networks emerges more and more as a hot topic. Symmetric key cryptography is commonly seen as infeasible and public key cryptography has its own key distribution problem. In contrast to this prejudice, this paper presents a new symmetric encryption standard algorithm which is an extension of the previous work of the authors i.e. UES version-II and III. Roy et al recently developed few efficient encryption methods such as UES version-I, Modified UES-I, UES version-II, UES version-III. The algorithm is named as Ultra Encryption Standard version — IV algorithm. It is a Symmetric key Cryptosystem which includes multiple encryption, bit-wise reshuffling method and bit-wise columnar transposition method. In the present - ork the authors have performed the encryption process at the bit-level to achieve greater strength of encryption. The proposed method i.e. UES-IV can be used to encrypt short message, password or any confidential key.

With the rapid development of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), besides the energy efficient, Quality of Service (QoS) supported and the validity of packet transmission should be considered under some circumstances. In this paper, according to summing up LEACH protocol's advantages and defects, combining with trust evaluation mechanism, energy and QoS control, a trust-based QoS routing algorithm is put forward. Firstly, energy control and coverage scale are adopted to keep load balance in the phase of cluster head selection. Secondly, trust evaluation mechanism is designed to increase the credibility of the network in the stage of node clusting. Finally, in the period of information transmission, verification and ACK mechanism also put to guarantee validity of data transmission. In this paper, it proposes the improved protocol. The improved protocol can not only prolong nodes' life expectancy, but also increase the credibility of information transmission and reduce the packet loss. Compared to typical routing algorithms in sensor networks, this new algorithm has better performance.