Biblio

With the advent of Industry 4.0, the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), smart entities are now able to read the minds of users via extracting cognitive patterns from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Such brain data may include users' experiences, emotions, motivations, and other previously private mental and psychological processes. Accordingly, users' cognitive privacy may be violated and the right to cognitive privacy should protect individuals against the unconsented intrusion by third parties into the brain data as well as against the unauthorized collection of those data. This has caused a growing concern among users and industry experts that laws to protect the right to cognitive liberty, right to mental privacy, right to mental integrity, and the right to psychological continuity. In this paper, we propose an AI-enabled EEG model, namely Cognitive Privacy, that aims to protect data and classifies users and their tasks from EEG data. We present a model that protects data from disclosure using normalized correlation analysis and classifies subjects (i.e., a multi-classification problem) and their tasks (i.e., eye open and eye close as a binary classification problem) using a long-short term memory (LSTM) deep learning approach. The model has been evaluated using the EEG data set of PhysioNet BCI, and the results have revealed its high performance of classifying users and their tasks with achieving high data privacy.

In this study, it was aimed to recognize the emotional state from facial images using the deep learning method. In the study, which was approved by the ethics committee, a custom data set was created using videos taken from 20 male and 20 female participants while simulating 7 different facial expressions (happy, sad, surprised, angry, disgusted, scared, and neutral). Firstly, obtained videos were divided into image frames, and then face images were segmented using the Haar library from image frames. The size of the custom data set obtained after the image preprocessing is more than 25 thousand images. The proposed convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture which is mimics of LeNet architecture has been trained with this custom dataset. According to the proposed CNN architecture experiment results, the training loss was found as 0.0115, the training accuracy was found as 99.62%, the validation loss was 0.0109, and the validation accuracy was 99.71%.

The paper proposes a novel technique of EEG induced Brain-Computer Interface system for user authentication of personal devices. The scheme enables a human user to lock and unlock any personal device using his/her mind generated password. A two stage security verification is employed in the scheme. In the first stage, a 3 × 3 spatial matrix of flickering circles will appear on the screen of which, rows are blinked randomly and user has to mentally select a row which contains his desired circle.P300 is released when the desired row is blinked. Successful selection of row is followed by the selection of a flickering circle in the desired row. Gazing at a particular flickering circle generates SSVEP brain pattern which is decoded to trace the mentally selected circle. User is able to store mentally uttered number in the selected circle, later the number with it's spatial position will serve as the password for the unlocking phase. Here, the user is equipped with a headphone where numbers starting from zero to nine are spelled randomly. Spelled number matching with the mentally uttered number generates auditory P300 in the subject's brain. The particular choice of mentally uttered number is detected by successful detection of auditory P300. A novel weight update algorithm of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), based on Extended-Kalman Filter and Particle Filter is used here for classifying the brain pattern. The proposed classifier achieves the best classification accuracy of 95.6%, 86.5% and 83.5% for SSVEP, visual P300 and auditory P300 respectively.

With the advancement of Artificial Intelligence technology to make smart devices, understanding how humans develop trust in virtual agents is emerging as a critical research field. Through our research, we report on a novel methodology to investigate user's trust in auditory assistance in a Virtual Reality (VR) based search task, under both high and low cognitive load and under varying levels of agent accuracy. We collected physiological sensor data such as electroencephalography (EEG), galvanic skin response (GSR), and heart-rate variability (HRV), subjective data through questionnaire such as System Trust Scale (STS), Subjective Mental Effort Questionnaire (SMEQ) and NASA-TLX. We also collected a behavioral measure of trust (congruency of users' head motion in response to valid/ invalid verbal advice from the agent). Our results indicate that our custom VR environment enables researchers to measure and understand human trust in virtual agents using the matrices, and both cognitive load and agent accuracy play an important role in trust formation. We discuss the implications of the research and directions for future work.

This paper aims at identifying the neural correlates of human trust in autonomous systems using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Quantifying the relationship between trust and brain activities allows for real-time assessment of human trust in automation. This line of effort contributes to the design of trusted autonomous systems, and more generally, modeling the interaction in human-autonomy interaction. To study the correlates of trust, we use an investment game in which artificial agents with different levels of trustworthiness are employed. We collected EEG signals from 10 human subjects while they are playing the game; then computed three types of features from these signals considering the signal time-dependency, complexity and power spectrum using an autoregressive model (AR), sample entropy and Fourier analysis, respectively. Results of a mixed model analysis showed significant correlation between human trust and EEG features from certain electrodes. The frontal and the occipital area are identified as the predominant brain areas correlated with trust.

Bluetooth enables excellent mobility in Brain Computer Interface (BCI) research and other use cases including ambulatory care, telemedicine, fitness tracking and mindfulness training. Although significant research exists for an all-encompassing BCI performance rating, almost all the literature addresses performance in terms of brain state or brain function classification accuracy. For the few published experiments that address BCI hardware performance, they too, focused on improving classification accuracy. This paper explores some of the more recent studies and proposes a trusted performance rating for BCI applications based on the enhanced privacy, yet reduced bandwidth needs of mobile EEG-based BCI applications. This paper proposes a set of Bluetooth operating parameters required to meet the performance, usability and privacy requirements of reliable and secure mobile neuro-feedback applications. It presents a rating model, "Trusted Mobile BCI", based on those operating parameters, and validated the model with studies that leveraged mobile BCI technology.

Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, as the core technology in Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications, such as self-driving vehicles, make important decisions by performing a variety of data classification or prediction tasks. Attacks on data or algorithms in AI applications can lead to misclassification or misprediction, which can fail the applications. For each dataset separately, the parameters of ML algorithms should be tuned to reach a desirable classification or prediction accuracy. Typically, ML experts tune the parameters empirically, which can be time consuming and does not guarantee the optimal result. To this end, some research suggests an analytical approach to tune the ML parameters for maximum accuracy. However, none of the works consider the ML performance under attack in their tuning process. This paper proposes an analytical framework for tuning the ML parameters to be secure against attacks, while keeping its accuracy high. The framework finds the optimal set of parameters by defining a novel objective function, which takes into account the test results of both ML accuracy and its security against attacks. For validating the framework, an AI application is implemented to recognize whether a subject's eyes are open or closed, by applying k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) algorithm on her Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. In this application, the number of neighbors (k) and the distance metric type, as the two main parameters of kNN, are chosen for tuning. The input data perturbation attack, as one of the most common attacks on ML algorithms, is used for testing the security of the application. Exhaustive search approach is used to solve the optimization problem. The experiment results show k = 43 and cosine distance metric is the optimal configuration of kNN for the EEG dataset, which leads to 83.75% classification accuracy and reduces the attack success rate to 5.21%.

Data security is a major requirement of smart meter communication to control server through Advanced Metering infrastructure. Easy access of smart meters and multi-faceted nature of AMI communication network are the main reasons of smart meter facing large number of attacks. The different topology, bandwidth and heterogeneity in communication network prevent the existing security mechanisms in satisfying the security requirements of smart meter. Hence, advanced security mechanisms are essential to encrypt smart meter data before transmitting to control server. The emerging biocryptography technique has several advantages over existing techniques and is most suitable for providing security to communication of low processing devices like smart meter. In this paper, a lightweight encryption scheme using DNA sequence with suitable key management scheme is proposed for secure communication of smart meter in an efficient way. The proposed 2-phase DNA cryptography provides confidentiality and integrity to transmitted data and the authentication of keys is attained by exchanging through Diffie Hellman scheme. The strength of proposed encryption scheme is analyzed and its efficiency is evaluated by simulating an AMI communication network using Simulink/Matlab. Comparison of simulation results with various techniques show that the proposed scheme is suitable for secure communication of smart meter data.

Brain Computer Interface (BCI) aims at providing a better quality of life to people suffering from neuromuscular disability. This paper establishes a BCI paradigm to provide a biometric security option, used for locking and unlocking personal computers or mobile phones. Although it is primarily meant for the people with neurological disorder, its application can safely be extended for the use of normal people. The proposed scheme decodes the electroencephalogram signals liberated by the brain of the subjects, when they are engaged in selecting a sequence of dots in(6×6)2-dimensional array, representing a pattern lock. The subject, while selecting the right dot in a row, would yield a P300 signal, which is decoded later by the brain-computer interface system to understand the subject's intention. In case the right dots in all the 6 rows are correctly selected, the subject would yield P300 signals six times, which on being decoded by a BCI system would allow the subject to access the system. Because of intra-subjective variation in the amplitude and wave-shape of the P300 signal, a type 2 fuzzy classifier has been employed to classify the presence/absence of the P300 signal in the desired window. A comparison of performances of the proposed classifier with others is also included. The functionality of the proposed system has been validated using the training instances generated for 30 subjects. Experimental results confirm that the classification accuracy for the present scheme is above 90% irrespective of subjects.

Existing access control mechanisms are based on the concept of identity enrolment and recognition and assume that recognized identity is a synonym to ethical actions, yet statistics over the years show that the most severe security breaches are the results of trusted, identified, and legitimate users who turned into malicious insiders. Insider threat damages vary from intellectual property loss and fraud to information technology sabotage. As insider threat incidents evolve, there exist demands for a nonidentity-based authentication measure that rejects access to authorized individuals who have mal-intents of access. In this paper, we study the possibility of using the user's intention as an access control measure using the involuntary electroencephalogram reactions toward visual stimuli. We propose intent-based access control (IBAC) that detects the intentions of access based on the existence of knowledge about an intention. IBAC takes advantage of the robustness of the concealed information test to assess access risk. We use the intent and intent motivation level to compute the access risk. Based on the calculated risk and risk accepted threshold, the system makes the decision whether to grant or deny access requests. We assessed the model using experiments on 30 participants that proved the robustness of the proposed solution.

In this paper, the principle of the kernel extreme learning machine (ELM) is analyzed. Based on that, we introduce a kind of multi-scale wavelet kernel extreme learning machine classifier and apply it to electroencephalographic (EEG) signal feature classification. Experiments show that our classifier achieves excellent performance.