Biblio

The use of rare-earth elements in permanent magnets rises economic, environmental and supply-chain related concerns. Instead, ferrite magnets have been researched as an alternative. The magnetic flux concentration capacity of the Spoke Type Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) and the low magnetic remanence of the ferrite magnet make them complementary strategies towards the desirable performance. However, if restricted to conventional manufacturing processes and materials, the mechanical design is a challenging step of the development of these machines. This paper explores how mechanical constraints impact electromagnetic performance. To access the interdependency of the performance and the mechanical constraints, finite element analyses are done both in the mechanical and electromagnetic domain. The results show that the mechanical constraints have an impact on the performance, although it is possible to reduce it by adapting the design to the electromagnetic and mechanical properties of the electrical steel.

The relationship between magnetic domain structures and magnetic properties of Nd-doped Sm(Fe, Cu, Zr, Co)7.5 was investigated. In the preparation process, slow cooling between sintering and solution treatment was employed to promote homogenization of microstructures. The developed magnet achieved a maximum energy product, [BH]m, of 33.8 MGOe and coercivity, Hcb, of 11.2 kOe at 25 °C, respectively. Moreover, B-H line at 150 °C was linear, which means that irreversible demagnetization does not occur even at 150 °C. Temperature coefficients of remanent magnetic flux density, Br, and intrinsic coercivity, Hcj, were 0.035%/K and 0.24%/K, respectively, as usual the conventional Sm-Co magnet. Magnetic domain structures were observed with a Kerr effect microscope with a magnetic field applied from 0 to -20 kOe, and then reverse magnetic domains were generated evenly from grain boundaries. Microstructures referred to as “cell structures” were observed with a scanning transmission electron microscope. Fe and Cu were separated to 2-17 and 1-5 phases, respectively. Moreover, without producing impurity phases, Nd showed the same composition behavior with Sm in a cell structure.

We report on the significant enhancement of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of Ni/NiO multilayers after mild annealing up to 90 min at 250 °C. Transmission electron microscopy shows that after annealing, a partial crystallization of the initially amorphous NiO layers occurs. This turns out to be the source of the anisotropy enhancement. Magnetic measurements reveal that even multilayers with Ni layers as thick as 7 nm, which in the as-deposited state showed inplane anisotropy with square hysteresis loops, show reduced in-plane remanence after thermal treatment. Hysteresis loops recorded with the field in the normal-to-film-plane direction provide evidence for perpendicular magnetic anisotropy with up and down magnetic domains at remanence. A plot of effective uniaxial magnetic anisotropy constant times individual Ni layer thickness as a function of individual Ni layer thickness shows a large change in the slope of the data attributed to a drastic change of volume anisotropy. Surface anisotropy showed a small decrease because of some layer roughening introduced by annealing.

Macroscopic hysteresis loops and microscopic magnetic moment distributions have been determined by 3-D model for Co nanowire with various easy axis deviations from applied field. It is found that both the coercivity and the remanence decrease monotonously with the increase of easy axis deviation as well as the maximum magnetic product, indicating the large impact of the easy axis orientation on the magnetic performance. Moreover, the calculated angular distributions and the evolution of magnetic moments have been shown to explain the magnetic reversal process. It is demonstrated that the large demagnetization field in the two ends of the nanowire makes the occurrence of reversal domain nucleation easier, hence the magnetic reversal. In addition, the magnetic reversal was illustrated in terms of the analysis of the energy evolution.

This paper proposes a novel kind of direct-current and alternate-decay-current hybrid integrative magnetization and demagnetization power supplies applied to transformer dc bias treatment based on a nanocomposite magnetic material. First, according to the single-phase transformer structure, one dc bias magnetic compensation mechanism was provided. The dc bias flux in the transformer main core could be eliminated directionally by utilizing the material remanence. Second, for the rapid response characteristic of the magnetic material to an external magnetic field, one positive and negative dc magnetization superimposed decaying ac demagnetization hybrid integrative power supplies based on single-phase rectifier circuit and inverter circuit was designed. In order to accurately control the magnetic field strength by which a good de/-magnetization effect could be achieved, this paper adopts the double-loop control technology of the magnetic field strength and magnetizing current for the nanocomposite magnetic state adjustment. Finally, two 10 kVA transformers and the experiment module of the hybrid integrative power supplies were manufactured and built. Experimental results showed that the integrated power supplies have good de/-magnetization effect and practicability, proving the validity and feasibility of the proposed scheme.

Reliable calculation model of electromagnetic mechanism characteristics of DC contactor is of great significance to its structural optimization. In this paper, the excitation process of contactor magnet is summarized, and a new calculation model of hysteresis-finite element method is proposed. It can effectively calculate the remanence of the electromagnetic mechanism under different excitation conditions, and give the relationship curve between the remanence flux and the anti-remanence gap.

The process of release of a single domain wall from the closure domain structure at the microwire ends and the process of nucleation of the reversed domain in regions far from the microwire ends were studied using the technique that consists in determining the critical parameters of the rectangular magnetic field pulse (magnitude-Hpc and length-τc) needed for free domain wall production. Since these processes can be influenced by the magnitude of the magnetic field before or after the application of the field pulse (Hi, τ), we propose a modified experiment in which the so-called three-level pulse is used. The three-level pulse starts from the first level, then continues with the second measuring rectangular pulse (Hi, τ), which ends at the third field level. Based on the results obtained in experiments using three-level field pulses, it has been shown that reversed domains are not present in the remanent state in regions far from the microwire ends. Some modification of the theoretical model of a single domain wall trapped in a potential well will be needed for an adequate description of the depinning processes.

One method to increase bit density in magnetic memory devices is to use multi-state structures, such as a ferromagnetic nanoring with multiple domain walls (DWs), to encode information. However, there is a competition between decreasing the ring size in order to more densely pack bits and increasing it to make multiple DWs stable. This paper examines the effects of ring geometry, specifically inner and outer diameters (ODs), on the formation of 360° DWs. By sequentially increasing the strength of an applied circular magnetic field, we examine how DWs form under the applied field and whether they remain when the field is returned to zero. We examine the relationships between field strength, number of walls initially formed, and the stability of these walls at zero field for different ring geometries. We demonstrate that there is a lower limit of 200 nm to the ring diameter for the formation of any 360° DWs under an applied field, and that a high number of 360° DWs are stable at remanence only for narrow rings with large ODs.

Micromagnetic simulations of coercivity as a function of external magnetic field direction were performed for a hexagonal array of hemispherical Permalloy nanocaps. The analysis was based on hysteresis loops for arrangements of nanocaps of variable thickness (5 nm and 10 nm). The angular dependence of coercivity had a maximum at about 80° with respect to the arrangement plane. An increase in coercivity with nanocap thickness is related to the magnetization reversal mechanism, where the dipole energy of individual caps generates an effective intermediate axis, locking the magnetic moments. The coercivity has maximum values of 109 Oe for 5 nm and 156 Oe for 10 nm thickness. The remanence decreases monotonically with angle. This is associated with the influence of shape anisotropy, where the demagnetizing field in the plane of the array is much smaller than the demagnetizing field perpendicular to the plane.

In order to study the stress detection method on long-distance oil and gas pipeline, the distribution characteristics of the surface remanence signals in the stress concentration regions must be known. They were studied by using the magnetic domain model in the non-magnetic saturation state. The finite element method was used herein with the aim to analyse the static and mechanical characteristics of a ferromagnetic specimen. The variation law of remanence signal in stress concentration regions was simulated. The results show that a residue signal in the stress concentration region exists. In addition, a one-to-one correspondence in the non-magnetic saturation environment is evident. In the case of magnetic saturation, the remanence signal of the stress concentration region is covered and the signal cannot be recognised.

We demonstrate how a unique nanomodulation within a continuous ferromagnetic film can induce magnetic dipoles at predefined, submicrometer scale locations, which can tune the global magnetic properties of the film due to dipole-dipole interactions. Arrays of tunable magnetic dipoles are generated with in-plane and out-of-plane directions, which can be rotated in-plane within the three-dimensional (3-D) modulated structure of a continuous film. In-plane magnetic dipole rotation enables a methodology to control overall magnetic properties of a ferromagnetic thin film. Formation of magnetic dipoles and their tunability were studied in detail by magnetic force microscopy, high-resolution magnetic measurements, and micromagnetic simulation of a nanomodulated Ni45Fe55 alloy film. A pattern larger than a single magnetic domain would normally form a vortex in the remanent state. However, here the unique 3-D nanostructure prevents vortex formation due to the competition between in-plane and out-of-plane dipole-dipole interaction giving rise to a metastable state. Experimentally, at zero remanence, the magnetization goes through a transformation from a metastable to a stable state, where the dipole-dipole interaction depends on their geometrical arrangement. Thus, the magnetic properties of the continuous film can be varied by the proposed pattern geometry. A detail analytical study of the dipolar energy for the system agrees well with the experimental and simulated results.

Arrays of nanosized hollow spheres of Ni were studied using micromagnetic simulation by the Object Oriented Micromagnetic Framework. Before all the results, we will present an analysis of the properties for an individual hollow sphere in order to separate the real effects due to the array. The results in this paper are divided into three parts in order to analyze the magnetic behaviors in the static and dynamic regimes. The first part presents calculations for the magnetic field applied parallel to the plane of the array; specifically, we present the magnetization for equilibrium configurations. The obtained magnetization curves show that decreasing the thickness of the shell decreases the coercive field and it is difficult to obtain magnetic saturation. The values of the coercive field obtained in our work are of the same order as reported in experimental studies in the literature. The magnetic response in our study is dominated by the shape effects and we obtained high values for the reduced remanence, Mr/MS = 0.8. In the second part of this paper, we have changed the orientation of the magnetic field and calculated hysteresis curves to study the angular dependence of the coercive field and remanence. In thin shells, we have observed how the moments are oriented tangentially to the spherical surface. For the inversion of the magnetic moments we have observed the formation of vortex and onion modes. In the third part of this paper, we present an analysis for the process of magnetization reversal in the dynamic regime. The analysis showed that inversion occurs in the nonhomogeneous configuration. We could see that self-demagnetizing effects are predominant in the magnetic properties of the array. We could also observe that there are two contributions: one due to the shell as an independent object and the other due to the effects of the array.

We present an optimization approach that can be employed to calculate the globally optimal segmentation of a 2-D magnetic system into uniformly magnetized pieces. For each segment, the algorithm calculates the optimal shape and the optimal direction of the remanent flux density vector, with respect to a linear objective functional. We illustrate the approach with results for magnet design problems from different areas, such as a permanent magnet electric motor, a beam-focusing quadrupole magnet for particle accelerators, and a rotary device for magnetic refrigeration.