Biblio

There is a stark contrast between the state of cyber security of national infrastructure in Ireland and the efforts underway to support cyber security technologists to work in the country. Notable attacks have recently occurred against the national health service, universities, and various other state bodies, prompting an interest in changing the current situation. This paper presents an overview of the security projects, commercial establishments, and policy in Ireland.

The healthcare industry is confronted with a slew of significant challenges, including stringent regulations, privacy concerns, and rapidly rising costs. Many leaders and healthcare professionals are looking to new technology and informatics to expand more intelligent forms of healthcare delivery. Numerous technologies have advanced during the last few decades. Over the past few decades, pharmacy has changed and grown, concentrating less on drugs and more on patients. Pharmaceutical services improve healthcare's affordability and security. The primary invention was a cyber-infrastructure made up of smart gadgets that are connected to and communicate with one another. These cyber infrastructures have a number of problems, including privacy, trust, and security. These gadgets create cyber-physical systems for pharmaceutical care services in p-health. In the present period, cyber-physical systems for pharmaceutical care services are dealing with a variety of important concerns and demanding conditions, i.e., problems and obstacles that need be overcome to create a trustworthy and effective medical system. This essay offers a thorough examination of CPS's architectural difficulties and emerging tendencies.

Smart grid is an evolving new power system framework with ICT driven power equipment massively layered structure. The new generation sensors, smart meters and electronic devices are integral components of smart grid. However, the upcoming deployment of smart devices at different layers followed by their integration with communication networks may introduce cyber threats. The interdependencies of various subsystems functioning in the smart grid, if affected by cyber-attack, may be vulnerable and greatly reduce efficiency and reliability due to any one of the device not responding in real time frame. The cyber security vulnerabilities become even more evident due to the existing superannuated cyber infrastructure. This paper presents a critical review on expected cyber security threats in complex environment and addresses the grave concern of a secure cyber infrastructure and related developments. An extensive review on the cyber security objectives and requirements along with the risk evaluation process has been undertaken. The paper analyses confidentiality and privacy issues of entire components of smart power system. A critical evaluation on upcoming challenges with innovative research concerns is highlighted to achieve a roadmap of an immune smart grid infrastructure. This will further facilitate R&d; associated developments.

Smart grids, where cyber infrastructure is used to make power distribution more dependable and efficient, are prime examples of modern infrastructure systems. The cyber infrastructure provides monitoring and decision support intended to increase the dependability and efficiency of the system. This comes at the cost of vulnerability to accidental failures and malicious attacks, due to the greater extent of virtual and physical interconnection. Any failure can propagate more quickly and extensively, and as such, the net result could be lowered reliability. In this paper, we describe metrics for assessment of two phases of smart grid operation: the duration before a failure occurs, and the recovery phase after an inevitable failure. The former is characterized by reliability, which we determine based on information about cascading failures. The latter is quantified using resilience, which can in turn facilitate comparison of recovery strategies. We illustrate the application of these metrics to a smart grid based on the IEEE 9-bus test system.