Biblio

From recent few years, need of information security is realized by society amd researchers specially in multi-path, unstructured networks as Mobile Ad-hoc Network. Devices connected in such network are self-configuring and small in size and can communicate in infra less environment. Architecture is very much dynamic and absence of central controlling authority puts challenges to the network by making more vulnerable for various threats and attacks in order to exploit the function of the network. The paper proposes, TCP analysis against very popular attack i.e. blackhole attack. Under different circumstance, reliable transport layer protocol TCP is analyzed for the effects of the attack on adhoc network. Performance has been measured using metrics of average throughput, normalized routing load and end to end delay and conclusions have been drawn based on that.

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) are the networks where network nodes uses wireless links to transfer information from one node to another without making use of existing infrastructure. There is no node in the network to control and coordinate establishment of connections between the network nodes. Hence the network nodes performs dual function of both node as well as router. Due to dynamically changing network scenarios, absence of centralization and lack of resources, MANETs have a threat of large number of security attacks. Hence security attacks need to be evaluated in order to find effective methods to avoid or remove them. In this paper malicious behavior of Blackhole attack and Rushing attack is studied and analyzed for QoS metrics.

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are known for possessing good attributes such as low up-front cost, easy network maintenance, and reliable service coverage. This has largely made them to be adopted in various environments such as; school campus networks, community networking, pervasive healthcare, office and home automation, emergency rescue operations and ubiquitous wireless networks. The routing nodes are equipped with self-organized and self-configuring capabilities. However, the routing mechanisms of WMNs depend on the collaboration of all participating nodes for reliable network performance. The authors of this paper have noted that most routing algorithms proposed for WMNs in the last few years are designed with the assumption that all the participating nodes will collaboratively be involved in relaying the data packets originated from a source to a multi-hop destination. Such design approach however exposes WMNs to vulnerability such as malicious packet drop attack. This paper presents an evaluation of the effect of the black hole attack with other influential factors in WMNs. In this study, NS-3 simulator was used with AODV as the routing protocol. The results show that the packet delivery ratio and throughput of WMN under attack decreases sharply as compared to WMN free from attack. On an average, 47.41% of the transmitted data packets were dropped in presence of black hole attack.

Mobile ad hoc networks have the features of open medium, dynamic topology, cooperative algorithms, lack of centralized monitoring etc. Due to these, mobile ad hoc networks are much vulnerable to security attacks when compared to wired networks. There are various routing protocols that have been developed to cope up with the limitations imposed by the ad hoc networks. But none of these routing schemes provide complete unlinkability and unobservability. In this paper we have done a survey about anonymous routing and secure communications in mobile ad hoc networks. Different routing protocols are analyzed based on public/private key pairs and cryptosystems, within that USOR can well protect user privacy against both inside and outside attackers. It is a combination of group signature scheme and ID based encryption scheme. These are run during the route discovery process. We implement USOR on ns2, and then its performance is compared with AODV.

Mobile Adhoc networks are wireless adhoc networks that have property of self organizing, less infrastructure, multi hoping, which are designed to work under low power vulnerable environment. Due to its very unique characteristics, there is much chances of threat of malicious nodes within the network. Blackhole attack is a menace in MANETs which redirects all traffic to itself and drops it. This paper’s objective is to analyze the effects of blackhole attack under reactive routing protocol such as Adhoc on Demand Distance Vector routing (AODV). The performance of this protocol is assessed to find the vulnerability of attack and also compared the impact of attack on both AODV, AODV with blackhole and proposed AODV protocols. The analysis is done by simulated using NS- 2.35 and QoS parameters such as Throughput, PDR, and Average Energy Consumed are measured further.

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that do not need to rely on a pre-existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. Securing MANETs is a serious concern as current research on MANETs continues to progress. Each node in a MANET acts as a router, forwarding data packets for other nodes and exchanging routing information between nodes. It is this intrinsic nature that introduces the serious security issues to routing protocols. A black hole attack is one of the well-known security threats for MANETs. A black hole is a security attack in which a malicious node absorbs all data packets by sending fake routing information and drops them without forwarding them. In order to defend against a black hole attack, in this paper we propose a new threshold-based black hole attack prevention method using multiple RREPs. To investigate the performance of the proposed method, we compared it with existing methods. Our simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods from the standpoints of packet delivery rate, throughput, and routing overhead.

Blackhole (BH) attacks are one of the most serious threats in mobile ad-hoc networks. A BH is a security attack in which a malicious node absorbs data packets and sends fake routing information to neighboring nodes. BH attacks are widely studied. However, existing defense methods wrongfully assume that BH attacks cannot overcome the most common defense approaches. A new wave of BH attacks is known as smart BH attacks. In this study, we used a highly aggressive type of BH attack that can predict sequence numbers to overcome traditional detection methods that set a threshold to sequence numbers. To protect the network from this type of BH attack, we propose a detection-and-prevention method that uses local information shared with neighboring nodes. Our experiments show that the proposed method successfully detects and contains even smart BH threats. Consequently, the attack success rate decreases.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) consists of different configurations, where it deals with the dynamic nature of its creation and also it is a self-configurable type of a network. The primary task in this type of networks is to develop a mechanism for routing that gives a high QoS parameter because of the nature of ad-hoc network. The Ad-hoc-on-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) used here is the on-demand routing mechanism for the computation of the trust. The proposed approach uses the Artificial neural network (ANN) and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) for the discovery of the black hole attacks in the network. The results are carried out between the black hole AODV and the security mechanism provided by us as the Secure AODV (SAODV). The results were tested on different number of nodes, at last, it has been experimented for 100 nodes which provide an improvement in energy consumption of 54.72%, the throughput is 88.68kbps, packet delivery ratio is 92.91% and the E to E delay is of about 37.27ms.

Secure routing in the field of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is one of the most flourishing areas of research. Devising a trustworthy security protocol for ad hoc routing is a challenging task due to the unique network characteristics such as lack of central authority, rapid node mobility, frequent topology changes, insecure operational environment, and confined availability of resources. Due to low configuration and quick deployment, MANETs are well-suited for emergency situations like natural disasters or military applications. Therefore, data transfer between two nodes should necessarily involve security. A black-hole attack in the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an offense occurring due to malicious nodes, which attract the data packets by incorrectly publicizing a fresh route to the destination. A clustering direction in AODV routing protocol for the detection and prevention of black-hole attack in MANET has been put forward. Every member of the unit will ping once to the cluster head, to detect the exclusive difference between the number of data packets received and forwarded by the particular node. If the fault is perceived, all the nodes will obscure the contagious nodes from the network. The reading of the system performance has been done in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), end to end delay (ETD) throughput and Energy simulation inferences are recorded using ns2 simulator.

For the past few decades, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have been a global trend in wireless networking technology. These kind of ad-hoc networks are infrastructure less, dynamic in topology and further doesn't have a centralized network administration which makes it easier for the intruders to launch several attacks on MANETs. In this paper, we have made a comparative analysis of the network layer attack by simulating rushing and black hole attack using NS-2 network simulator. For determining the most vulnerable attack we have considered packet delivery ratio, end to end delay and throughput as a evaluation metrices. Here, AODV routing protocol has been configured for data forwarding operations. From our Simulation result, it is evident that the black hole attack is more vulnerable when compared to the rushing attack.

This paper continues the investigation of our recently proposed protocol (called E2-SCAN) designed for protecting against network layer attacks in mobile ad hoc networks. The enhancements of the E2-SCAN protocol are twofold: (1) a modified credit strategy for tokens renewal is introduced, and (2) a novel strategy for selecting the routing path, resulting to our so-called Conditional SCAN (CSCAN). Simulation experiments are conducted, establishing the superiority of C-SCAN over E2-SCAN in terms of energy efficiency, where the energy efficiency of a node is defined as the ratio of the amount of energy consumed by the node to the total energy consumed by the network.

Rapid advances in wireless ad hoc networks lead to increase their applications in real life. Since wireless ad hoc networks have no centralized infrastructure and management, they are vulnerable to several security threats. Malicious packet dropping is a serious attack against these networks. In this attack, an adversary node tries to drop all or partial received packets instead of forwarding them to the next hop through the path. A dangerous type of this attack is called black hole. In this attack, after absorbing network traffic by the malicious node, it drops all received packets to form a denial of service (DOS) attack. In this paper, a dynamic trust model to defend network against this attack is proposed. In this approach, a node trusts all immediate neighbors initially. Getting feedback from neighbors' behaviors, a node updates the corresponding trust value. The simulation results by NS-2 show that the attack is detected successfully with low false positive probability.

Ad hoc network is sensitive to attacks because it has temporary nature and frequently recognized insecure environment. Both Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocols have the strategy to take help from Wireless and mobile ad hoc networks. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is recognized as an useful internet protocol and where the mobile nodes are self-configuring and self-organizing in character. This research paper has focused on the detection and influence of black hole attack on the execution of AODV and AOMDV routing protocols and has also evaluated the performance of those two on-demand routing protocols in MANETs. AODV has the characteristics for discovering a single path in single route discovery and AOMDV has the characteristics for discovering multiple paths in single route discovery. Here a proposed method for both AODV and AOMDV routing protocol, has been applied for the detection of the black hole attack, which is the merge of both SHA-3 and Diffie-Hellman algorithm. This merge technique has been applied to detect black hole attack in MANET. This technique has been applied to measure the performance matrices for both AODV and AOMDV and those performance matrices are Average Throughput, Average End to End delay and Normalized Routing Load. Both AODV and AOMDV routing protocol have been compared with each other to show that under black hole attack, AOMDV protocol always has better execution than AODV protocol. Here, NS-2.35 has been used as the Network Simulator tool for the simulation of these particular three types of performance metrics stated above.

One of the most dynamic network is the Mobile Adhoc (MANET) network. It is a list of numerous mobile nodes. Dynamic topology and lack of centralization are the basic characteristics of MANET. MANETs are prone to many attacks due to these characteristics. One of the attacks carried out on the network layer is the blackhole attack. In a black-hole attack, by sending false routing information, malicious nodes interrupt data transmission. There are two kinds of attacks involving a black-hole, single and co-operative. There is one malicious node in a single black-hole attack that can act as the node with the highest sequence number. The node source would follow the direction of the malicious node by taking the right direction. There is more than one malicious node in the collaborative black-hole attack. One node receives a packet and sends it to another malicious node in this attack. It is very difficult to detect and avoid black-hole attacks. Many researchers have invented black-hole attack detection and prevention systems. In this paper, We find a problem in the existing solution, in which validity bit is used. This paper also provides a comparative study of many scholars. The source node is used to detect and prevent black hole attacks by using a binary partition clustering based algorithm. We compared the performance of the proposed solution with existing solution and shown that our solution outperforms the existing one.

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), energy and security are two critical concerns that must be addressed. Because of the scarcity of energy, several security measures are restricted. For secure data routing in WSN, it becomes vital to identify insider packet drop attacks. The trust mechanism is an effective strategy for detecting this assault. Each node in this system validates the trustworthiness of its neighbors before transmitting packets, ensuring that only trust-worthy nodes get packets. With such a trust-aware scheme, however, there is a risk of false alarm. This work develops an adaptive trust computation model (TCM)which is implemented in our already proposed Chimp Optimization Algorithm-based Energy-Aware Secure Routing Protocol (COA-EASRP) for WSN. The proposed technique computes the optimal path using the hybrid combination of COA-EASRP and AODV as well as TCM is used to indicate false alarms in detecting selfish nodes. Our Proposed approach provides the series of Simulation outputs carried out based on various parameters

In recent years, the area of Mobile Ad-hoc Net-work(MANET) has received considerable attention among the research community owing to the advantages in its networking features as well as solving the unsolved issues in it. One field which needs more security is the mobile ad hoc network. Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a temporary network composed of mobile nodes, connected by wireless links, without fixed infrastructure. Network security plays a crucial role in this MANET and the traditional way of protecting the networks through firewalls and encryption software is no longer effective and sufficient. In order to provide additional security to the MANET, intrusion detection mechanisms should be added. In this paper, selective acknowledgment is used for detecting malicious nodes in the Mobile ad-hoc network is proposed. In this paper we propose a novel mechanism called selective acknowledgment for solving problems that airse with Adaptive ACKnowledgment (AACK). This mechanism is an enhancement to the AACK scheme where its Packet delivery ration and detection overhead is reduced. NS2 is used to simulate and evaluate the proposed scheme and compare it against the AACK. The obtained results show that the selective acknowledgment scheme outperforms AACK in terms of network packet delivery ratio and routing overhead.

A MANET is a collection of self-configured node connected with wireless links. Each node of a mobile ad hoc network acts as a router and finds out a suitable route to forward a packet from source to destination. This network is applicable in areas where establishment of infrastructure is not possible, such as in the military environment. Along with the military environment MANET is also used in civilian environment such as sports stadiums, meeting room. The routing functionality of each node is cause of many security threats on routing. In this paper addressed the problem of identifying and isolating wormhole attack that refuse to forward packets in wireless mobile ad hoc network. The impact of this attack has been shown to be detrimental to network performance, lowering the packet delivery ratio and dramatically increasing the end-to-end delay. Proposed work suggested the efficient and secure routing in MANET. Using this approach of buffer length and RTT calculation, routing overhead minimizes. This research is based on detection and prevention of wormhole attacks in AODV. The proposed protocol is simulated using NS-2 and its performance is compared with the standard AODV protocol. The statistical analysis shows that modified AODV protocol detects wormhole attack efficiently and provides secure and optimum path for routing.

Flooding attacks are well-known security threats that can lead to a denial of service (DoS) in computer networks. These attacks consist of an excessive traffic generation, by which an attacker aim to disrupt or interrupt some services in the network. The impact of flooding attacks is not just about some nodes, it can be also the whole network. Many routing protocols are vulnerable to these attacks, especially those using reactive mechanism of route discovery, like AODV. In this paper, we propose a statistical approach to defense against RREQ flooding attacks in MANETs. Our detection mechanism can be applied on AODV-based ad hoc networks. Simulation results prove that these attacks can be detected with a low rate of false alerts.

The increasing demand and the use of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) in recent days have attracted the attention of researchers towards pursuing active research work largely related to security attacks in MANET. Gray hole attack is one of the most common security attacks observed in MANET. The paper focuses on gray hole attack analysis in Ad hoc on demand distance vector(AODV) routing protocol based MANET with reliability as a metric. Simulation is performed using ns-2.35 simulation software under varying number of network nodes and varying number of gray hole nodes. Results of simulation indicates that increasing the number of gray hole node in the MANET will decrease the reliability of MANET.

Mobile ad hoc networking (MANET) has been most popular research area for last decade. In MANET node (mobile node) is communicate with each other over wireless link where all nodes behave like both as host and router. In comparison with wired networks, mobile network is more vulnerable to security threat because of no centralized administration. One of the momentous routing protocols used in MANET is AODV (Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector) protocol. The Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol is compromised with its security by a various types of attacks due to malicious nodes present in the network. A hybrid approach is given for intrusion detection by removing malicious nodes during the route discovery process. The proposed approach increases the network performance in terms of PDR, throughput and end to end delay and security also.

MANETs have been focusing the interest of researchers for several years. The new scenarios where MANETs are being deployed make that several challenging issues remain open: node scalability, energy efficiency, network lifetime, Quality of Service (QoS), network overhead, data privacy and security, and effective routing. This latter is often seen as key since it frequently constrains the performance of the overall network. Location-based routing protocols provide a good solution for scalable MANETs. Although several location-based routing protocols have been proposed, most of them rely on error-free positions. Only few studies have focused so far on how positioning error affects the routing performance; also, most of them consider outdated solutions. This paper is aimed at filling this gap, by studying the impact of the error in the position of the nodes of two location-based routing protocols: DYMOselfwd and AODV-Line. These protocols were selected as they both aim at reducing the routing overhead. Simulations considering different mobility patterns in a dense network were conducted, so that the performance of these protocols can be assessed under ideal (i.e. error-less) and realistic (i.e. with error) conditions. The results show that AODV-Line builds less reliable routes than DYMOselfwd in case of error in the position information, thus increasing the routing overhead.

MANET (Mobile ad-hoc network) is a wireless network. Several mobile nodes are present in MANET. It has various applications ranging from military to remote area communication. Several routing protocols are designed for routing of the packets in the network. AODV (ad hoc on demand vector) is one such protocol. Since, nodes are mobile in the network, security is a main concern. Blackhole attack is a network layer attack that tries to hamper the routing process. In this attack the data packets are dropped. The paper focuses on the analysis of AODV routing protocol under blackhole attack. First we have implemented blackhole attack in AODV and then analyzed the impact of blackhole attack on AODV under metrics like throughput, end to end delay and packet delivery fraction.

The growing use of MANETs and its vulnerability to attacks due to its fundamental characteristics make secure routing one of the most considerable challenges. In this paper, a new security scheme for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is presented. The proposed scheme used Trivium lightweight stream cipher algorithm in combination with HMAC to secure the routing control packets. This paper compares the performance of the AODV after implementing the security scheme in terms of throughput, delay sum (end-to-end), jitter sum (end-to-end) and packet loss ratio. The proposed scheme shows better performance than original AODV under blackhole attack.

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are decentralized and self-organizing communication systems. They have become pervasive in the current technological framework. MANETs have become a vital solution to the services that need flexible establishments, dynamic and wireless connections such as military operations, healthcare systems, vehicular networks, mobile conferences, etc. Hence it is more important to estimate the trustworthiness of moving devices. In this research, we have proposed a model to improve a trusted routing in mobile ad-hoc networks by identifying malicious nodes. The proposed system uses Reinforcement Learning (RL) agent that learns to detect malicious nodes. The work focuses on a MANET with Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) Protocol. Most of the systems were developed with the assumption of a small network with limited number of neighbours. But with the introduction of reinforcement learning concepts this work tries to minimize those limitations. The main objective of the research is to introduce a new model which has the capability to detect malicious nodes that decrease the performance of a MANET significantly. The malicious behaviour is simulated with black holes that move randomly across the network. After identifying the technology stack and concepts of RL, system design was designed and the implementation was carried out. Then tests were performed and defects and further improvements were identified. The research deliverables concluded that the proposed model arranges for highly accurate and reliable trust improvement by detecting malicious nodes in a dynamic MANET environment.

The use of self organized wireless technologies called as Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) has increased and these wireless devices can be deployed anywhere without any infrastructural support or without any base station, hence securing these networks and preventing from Intrusions is necessary. This paper describes a method for securing the MANETs using Hybrid cryptographic technique which uses RSA and AES algorithm along with SHA 256 Hashing technique. This hybrid cryptographic technique provides authentication to the data. To check whether there is any malicious node present, an Intrusion Detection system (IDS) technique called Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgement (EAACK) is used, which checks for the acknowledgement packets to detect any malicious node present in the system. The routing of packets is done through two protocols AODV and ZRP and both the results are compared. The ZRP protocol when used for routing provides better performance as compared to AODV.