Biblio

We have several issues in most current supply chain management systems. Consumers want to spend money on environmentally friendly products, but they are seldomly informed of the environmental contributions of the suppliers. Meanwhile, each supplier seeks to recover the costs for the environmental contributions to re-invest them into further contributions. Instead, in most current supply chains, the reward for each supplier is not clearly defined and fairly distributed. To address these issues, we propose a supply-chain contribution management platform for fair reward distribution called ‘Advanced Ledger.’ This platform records suppliers' environ-mental contribution trails, receives rewards from consumers in exchange for trail-backed fungible tokens, and fairly distributes the rewards to each supplier based on the contribution trails. In this paper, we overview the architecture of Advanced Ledger and 11 technical features, including decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) based contribution verification, contribution concealment, negative-valued tokens, fair reward distribution, atomic rewarding, and layer-2 rewarding. We then study the requirements and candidates of the smart contract platforms for implementing Advanced Ledger. Finally, we introduce a use case called ‘ESG token’ built on the Advanced Ledger architecture.

Sharding can significantly improve the blockchain scalability, by dividing nodes into small groups called shards that can handle transactions in parallel. However, all existing sharding systems adopt complete sharding, i.e., shards are isolated. It raises additional overhead to guarantee the atomicity and consistency of cross-shard transactions and seriously degrades the sharding performance. In this paper, we present Pyramid, the first layered sharding blockchain system, in which some shards can store the full records of multiple shards thus the cross-shard transactions can be processed and validated in these shards internally. When committing cross-shard transactions, to achieve consistency among the related shards, a layered sharding consensus based on the collaboration among several shards is presented. Compared with complete sharding in which each cross-shard transaction is split into multiple sub-transactions and cost multiple consensus rounds to commit, the layered sharding consensus can commit cross-shard transactions in one round. Furthermore, the security, scalability, and performance of layered sharding with different sharding structures are theoretically analyzed. Finally, we implement a prototype for Pyramid and its evaluation results illustrate that compared with the state-of-the-art complete sharding systems, Pyramid can improve the transaction throughput by 2.95 times in a system with 17 shards and 3500 nodes.

An improved algorithm of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is proposed in this paper, which is realized by constructing an improved judgment matrix. Specifically, rough set theory is used in the algorithm to calculate the weight of the network metric data, and then the improved AHP algorithm nine-point systemic is structured, finally, an improved AHP judgment matrix is constructed. By performing an AHP operation on the improved judgment matrix, the weight of the improved network metric data can be obtained. If only the rough set theory is applied to process the network index data, the objective factors would dominate the whole process. If the improved algorithm of AHP is used to integrate the expert score into the process of measurement, then the combination of subjective factors and objective factors can be realized. Based on the aforementioned theory, a new network attack metrics system is proposed in this paper, which uses a metric structure based on "attack type-attack attribute-attack atomic operation-attack metrics", in which the metric process of attack attribute adopts AHP. The metrics of the system are comprehensive, given their judgment of frequent attacks is universal. The experiment was verified by an experiment of a common attack Smurf. The experimental results show the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed measurement system.