Biblio

Governments needs reliable data on crime in order to both devise adequate policies, and allocate the correct revenues so that the measures are cost-effective, i.e., The money spent in prevention, detection, and handling of security incidents is balanced with a decrease in losses from offences. The analysis of the actual scenario of government actions in cyber security shows that the availability of multiple contrasting figures on the impact of cyber-attacks is holding back the adoption of policies for cyber space as their cost-effectiveness cannot be clearly assessed. The most relevant literature on the topic is reviewed to highlight the research gaps and to determine the related future research issues that need addressing to provide a solid ground for future legislative and regulatory actions at national and international levels.

The U.S Government has been the target for cyberattacks from all over the world. Just recently, former President Obama accused the Russian government of the leaking emails to Wikileaks and declared that the U.S. might be forced to respond. While Russia denied involvement, it is clear that the U.S. has to take some defensive measures to protect its data infrastructure. Insider threats have been the cause of other sensitive information leaks too, including the infamous Edward Snowden incident. Most of the recent leaks were in the form of text. Due to the nature of text data, security classifications are assigned manually. In an adversarial environment, insiders can leak texts through E-mail, printers, or any untrusted channels. The optimal defense is to automatically detect the unstructured text security class and enforce the appropriate protection mechanism without degrading services or daily tasks. Unfortunately, existing Data Leak Prevention (DLP) systems are not well suited for detecting unstructured texts. In this paper, we compare two recent approaches in the literature for text security classification, evaluating them on actual sensitive text data from the WikiLeaks dataset.

Smart governments are known as extensions of e-governments both built on the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, we classify smart governments into two types (1) new generation and (2) extended smart-government. We then put forth a framework for smart governments implementation and discuss the major challenges in its implementation showing security as the most prominent challenge in USA, mindscaping in Kuwait and investment in India.

This paper suggests a conceptual mechanism for increasing the security level of the global information community, national information technology infrastructures (e-governments) and private cloud structures, which uses the logical characteristic of IPv6-protocol. The mechanism is based on the properties of the IPv6-header and, in particular, rules of coding IPv6-addresses.

Cyber security operations centre (CSOC) is an essential business control aimed to protect ICT systems and support an organisation's Cyber Defense Strategy. Its overarching purpose is to ensure that incidents are identified and managed to resolution swiftly, and to maintain safe & secure business operations and services for the organisation. A CSOC framework is proposed comprising Log Collection, Analysis, Incident Response, Reporting, Personnel and Continuous Monitoring. Further, a Cyber Defense Strategy, supported by the CSOC framework, is discussed. Overlaid atop the strategy is the well-known Her Majesty's Government (HMG) Protective Monitoring Controls (PMCs). Finally, the difficulty and benefits of operating a CSOC are explained.

Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs), especially the Internet, have become a key enabler for government organisations, businesses and individuals. With increasing growth in the adoption and use of ICT devices such as smart phones, personal computers and the Internet, Cybersecurity is one of the key concerns facing modern organisations in both developed and developing countries. This paper presents an overview of cybersecurity challenges in Bhutan, within the context that the nation is emerging as an ICT developing country. This study examines the cybersecurity incidents reported both in national media and government reports, identification and analysis of different types of cyber threats, understanding of the characteristics and motives behind cyber-attacks, and their frequency of occurrence since 1999. A discussion on an ongoing research study to investigate cybersecurity management and practices for Bhutan's government organisations is also highlighted.

These days the digitization process is everywhere, spreading also across central governments and local authorities. It is hoped that, using open government data for scientific research purposes, the public good and social justice might be enhanced. Taking into account the European General Data Protection Regulation recently adopted, the big challenge in Portugal and other European countries, is how to provide the right balance between personal data privacy and data value for research. This work presents a sensitivity study of data anonymization procedure applied to a real open government data available from the Brazilian higher education evaluation system. The ARX k-anonymization algorithm, with and without generalization of some research value variables, was performed. The analysis of the amount of data / information lost and the risk of re-identification suggest that the anonymization process may lead to the under-representation of minorities and sociodemographic disadvantaged groups. It will enable scientists to improve the balance among risk, data usability, and contributions for the public good policies and practices.

e-Government is needed to actualize clean, effective, transparent and accountable governance as well as quality and reliable public services. The implementation of e-Government is currently constrained because there is no derivative regulation, one of which is the regulation for e-Government Security. To answer this need, this study aims to provide input on performance management and governance systems for e-Government Security with the hope that the control design for e-Government Security can be met. The results of this study are the e-Government Security Governance System taken from 28 core models of COBIT 2019. The 28 core models were taken using CSF and risk. Furthermore, performance management for this governance system consists of capability and maturity levels which is an extension of the evaluation process in the e-Government Evaluation Guidelines issued by the Ministry of PAN & RB. The evaluation of the design carried out by determining the current condition of capability and maturity level in Badan XYZ. The result of the evaluation shows that the design possible to be implemented and needed.

There has been growing concern about privacy and security risks towards electronic-government (e-government) services adoption. Though there are positive results of e- government, there are still other contestable challenges that hamper success of e-government services. While many of the challenges have received considerable attention, there is still little to no firm research on others such as privacy and security risks, effects of infrastructure both in urban and rural settings. Other concerns that have received little consideration are how for instance; e-government serves as a function of perceived usefulness, ease of use, perceived benefit, as well as cultural dimensions and demographic constructs in South Africa. Guided by technology acceptance model, privacy calculus, Hofstede cultural theory and institutional logic theory, the current research sought to examine determinants of e- government use in developing countries. Anchored upon the aforementioned theories and background, the current study proposed three recommendations as potential value chain, derived from e-government service in response to citizens (end- user) support, government and community of stakeholders.

Information Technology (IT) security is a growing concern for governments around the world. Cyber terrorism poses a direct threat to the security of the nations' critical infrastructures and ITs as a low-cost asymmetric warfare element. Most of these nations are aware of the vulnerability of the information technologies and the significance of protecting critical infrastructures. To counteract the threat of potentially disastrous cyber attacks, nations' policy makers are increasingly pondering on the use of deterrence strategies to supplement cyber defense. Nations create their own national policies and strategies which cover cyber security countermeasures including cyber defense and deterrence against cyber threats. But it is rather hard to cope with the threat by means of merely `national' cyber defense policies and strategies, since the cyberspace spans worldwide and attack's origin can even be overseas. The term “cyber terrorism” is another source of controversy. An agreement on a common definition of cyber terrorism among the nations is needed. However, the international community has not been able to succeed in developing a commonly accepted comprehensive definition of “terrorism” itself. This paper evaluates the importance of building international cooperation on cyber defense and deterrence against cyber terrorism. It aims to improve and further existing contents and definitions of cyber terrorism; discusses the attractiveness of cyber attacks for terrorists and past experiences on cyber terrorism. It emphasizes establishing international legal measures and cooperation between nations against cyber terrorism in order to maintain the international stability and prosperity. In accordance with NATO's new strategic concept, it focuses on developing the member nations' ability to prevent, detect, defend against and recover from cyber attacks to enhance and coordinate national cyber defense capabilities. It provides necessary steps that have to be taken globally in order to counter cyber terrorism.

We developed a virtualization-based infringement incident response tool for cyber security training system using Cloud. This tool was developed by applying the concept of attack and defense which is the basic of military war game modeling and simulation. The main purpose of this software is to cultivate cyber security experts capable of coping with various situations to minimize the damage in the shortest time when an infringement incident occurred. This tool acquired the invaluable certificate from Korean government agency. This tool shall provide CBT type remote education such as scenario based infringement incident response training, hacking defense practice, and vulnerability measure practice. The tool works in Linux, Window operating system environments, and uses Korean e-government framework and secure coding to construct a situation similar to the actual information system. In the near future, Internet and devices connected to the Internet will be greatly enlarged, and cyber security threats will be diverse and widespread. It is expected that various kinds of hacking will be attempted in an advanced types using artificial intelligence technology. Therefore, we are working on applying the artificial intelligence technology to the current infringement incident response tool to cope with these evolving threats.

This paper presents a case study on the use and implementation of the Qualified Digital Signature. Problematics such as the degree of use, security and authenticity of Qualified Digital Signature and the publication and dissemination of documents signed in digital format are analyzed. In order to support the case study, a methodology was adopted that included interviews with municipalities that are part of the Intermunicipal Community of the region of Leiria and a computer application was developed that allowed to analyze the documents available in the institutional websites of the municipalities, the ones that were digitally signed. The results show that institutional websites are already providing documentation with Qualified Digital Signature and that the level of trust and authenticity regarding their use is considered to be mostly very positive.

This study seeks to investigate how the development of e-government services impacts on cybersecurity. The study uses the methods of correlation and multiple regression to analyse two sets of global data, the e-government development index of the 2015 United Nations e-government survey and the 2015 International Telecommunication Union global cybersecurity development index (GCI 2015). After analysing the various contextual factors affecting e-government development, the study found that, various composite measures of e-government development are significantly correlated with cybersecurity development. The therefore study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between e-government and cybersecurity development. The authors developed a model to highlight this relationship and have validated the model using empirical data. This is expected to provide guidance on specific dimensions of e-government services that will stimulate the development of cybersecurity. The study provided the basis for understanding the patterns in cybersecurity development and has implication for policy makers in developing trust and confidence for the adoption e-government services.

Persisting to ignore the consequences of Cyber Warfare will bring severe concerns to all people. Hackers and governments alike should understand the barriers of which their methods take them. Governments use Cyber Warfare to give them a tactical advantage over other countries, defend themselves from their enemies or to inflict damage upon their adversaries. Hackers use Cyber Warfare to gain personal information, commit crimes, or to reveal sensitive and beneficial intelligence. Although both methods can provide ethical uses, the equivalent can be said at the other end of the spectrum. Knowing and comprehending these devices will not only strengthen the ability to detect these attacks and combat against them but will also provide means to divulge despotic government plans, as the outcome of Cyber Warfare can be worse than the outcome of conventional warfare. The paper discussed the concept of ethics and reasons that led to use information technology in military war, the effects of using cyber war on civilians, the legality of the cyber war and ways of controlling the use of information technology that may be used against civilians. This research uses a survey methodology to overlook the awareness of Arab citizens towards the idea of cyber war, provide findings and evidences of ethics behind the offensive cyber warfare. Detailed strategies and approaches should be developed in this aspect. The author recommended urging the scientific and technological research centers to improve the security and develop defending systems to prevent the use of technology in military war against civilians.
 

The development in the web technologies given growth to the new application that will make the voting process very easy and proficient. The E-voting helps in providing convenient, capture and count the votes in an election. This project provides the description about e-voting using an Android platform. The proposed e-voting system helps the user to cast the vote without visiting the polling booth. The application provides authentication measures in order to avoid fraud voters using the OTP. Once the voting process is finished the results will be available within a fraction of seconds. All the casted vote count is encrypted using AES256 algorithm and stored in the database in order to avoid any outbreaks and revelation of results by third person other than the administrator.

This work proposes a generic focused crawling framework for discovering resources on any given topic that reside on the Surface or the Dark Web. The proposed crawler is able to seamlessly traverse the Surface Web and several darknets present in the Dark Web (i.e. Tor, I2P and Freenet) during a single crawl by automatically adapting its crawling behavior and its classifier-guided hyperlink selection strategy based on the network type. This hybrid focused crawler is demonstrated for the discovery of Web resources containing recipes for producing homemade explosives. The evaluation experiments indicate the effectiveness of the proposed ap-proach both for the Surface and the Dark Web.

With the development of new technologies in the world, governments have tendency to make a communications with people and business with the help of such technologies. Electronic government (e-government) is defined as utilizing information technologies such as electronic networks, Internet and mobile phones by organizations and state institutions in order to making wide communication between citizens, business and different state institutions. Development of e-government starts with making website in order to share information with users and is considered as the main infrastructure for further development. Website assessment is considered as a way for improving service quality. Different international researches have introduced various indexes for website assessment, they only see some dimensions of website in their research. In this paper, the most important indexes for website quality assessment based on accurate review of previous studies are "Web design", "navigation", services", "maintenance and Support", "Citizens Participation", "Information Quality", "Privacy and Security", "Responsiveness", "Usability". Considering mentioned indexes in designing the website facilitates user interaction with the e-government websites.

Authenticating a person's identity has always been a challenge. While attempts are being made by government agencies to address this challenge, the citizens are being exposed to a new age problem of Identity management. The sharing of photocopies of identity cards in order to prove our identity is a common sight. From score-card to Aadhar-card, the details of our identity has reached many unauthorized hands during the years. In India the identity thefts accounts for 77% [1] of the fraud cases, and the threats are trending. Programs like e-Residency by Estonia[2], Bitnation using Ethereum[3] are being devised for an efficient Identity Management. Even the US Home Land Security is funding a research with an objective of “Design information security and privacy concepts on the Blockchain to support identity management capabilities that increase security and productivity while decreasing costs and security risks for the Homeland Security Enterprise (HSE).” [4] This paper will discuss the challenges specific to India around Identity Management, and the possible solution that the Distributed ledger, hashing algorithms and smart contracts can offer. The logic of hashing the personal data, and controlling the distribution of identity using public-private keys with Blockchain technology will be discussed in this paper.

In the context of the rapid technological progress, the cyber-threats become a serious challenge that requires immediate and continuous action. As cybercrime poses a permanent and increasing threat, governments, corporate and individual users of the cyber-space are constantly struggling to ensure an acceptable level of security over their assets. Maliciousness on the cyber-space spans identity theft, fraud, and system intrusions. This is due to the benefits of cyberspace-low entry barriers, user anonymity, and spatial and temporal separation between users, make it a fertile field for deception and fraud. Numerous, supervised and unsupervised, techniques have been proposed and used to identify fraudulent transactions and activities that deviate from regular patterns of behaviour. For instance, neural networks and genetic algorithms were used to detect credit card fraud in a dataset covering 13 months and 50 million credit card transactions. Unsupervised methods, such as clustering analysis, have been used to identify financial fraud or to filter fake online product reviews and ratings on e-commerce websites. Blockchain technology has demonstrated its feasibility and relevance in e-commerce. Its use is now being extended to new areas, related to electronic government. The technology appears to be the most appropriate in areas that require storage and processing of large amounts of protected data. The question is what can blockchain technology do and not do to fight malicious online activity?

This paper is nominated for an image protection scheme in the area of government sectors based on discrete cosine transformation with digital watermarking scheme. A cover image has broken down into 8 × 8 non overlapped blocks and transformed from spatial domain into frequency domain. Apply DCT version II of the DCT family to each sub block of the original image. Then embed the watermarking image into the sub blocks. Apply IDCT of version II to send the image through communication channel with watermarked image. To recover the watermarked image, apply DCT and watermarking formula to the sub blocks. The experimental results show that the proposed watermarking procedure gives high security and watermarked image retrieved successfully.

The low attention to security and privacy causes some problems on data and information that can lead to a lack of public trust in e-Gov service. Security threats are not only included in technical issues but also non-technical issues and therefore, it needs the implementation of inclusive security. The application of inclusive security to e-Gov needs to develop a model involving security and privacy requirements as a trusted security solution. The method used is the elicitation of security and privacy requirements in a security perspective. Identification is carried out on security and privacy properties, then security and privacy relationships are determined. The next step is developing the design of an inclusive security model on e-Gov. The last step is doing an analysis of e-Gov service activities and the role of inclusive security. The results of this study identified security and privacy requirements for building inclusive security. Identification of security requirements involves properties such as confidentiality (C), integrity (I), availability (A). Meanwhile, privacy requirement involves authentication (Au), authorization (Az), and Non-repudiation (Nr) properties. Furthermore, an inclusive security design model on e-Gov requires trust of internet (ToI) and trust of government (ToG) as an e-Gov service provider. Access control is needed to provide solutions to e-Gov service activities.

Emergence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has facilitated its users to access electronic services through open channel like Internet. This approach of digital communication has its specific security lapses, which should be addressed properly to ensure Privacy, Integrity, Non-repudiation and Authentication (PINA) of information. During message communication, intruders may mount infringement attempts to compromise the communication. The situation becomes critical, if an user is identified by multiple identification numbers, as in that case, intruder have a wide window open to use any of its identification number to fulfill its ill intentions. To resolve this issue, author have proposed a single window based cloud service delivery model, where a smart card serves as a single interface to access multifaceted electronic services like banking, healthcare, employment, etc. To detect and prevent unauthorized access, in this paper, authors have focused on the intrusion detection system of the cloud service model during cloud banking transaction.

{Information and Communications Technology (ICT) have rationalized government services into a more efficient and transparent government. However, a large part of the government services remained constant in the manual process due to the high cost of ICT. The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of e-governance and ICT in the legislative management of municipalities in the Philippines. This study adopted the phases of Princeton Project Management Methodology (PPMM) as the approach in the development of LeMTrac. This paper utilized the developmental- quantitative research design involving two (2) sets of respondents, which are the end-users and IT experts. Majority of the respondents perceived that the system as "highly acceptable" with an average Likert score of 4.72 for the ISO 9126 Software quality metric Usability. The findings also reveal that the integration of LeMTrac within the Sangguniang Bayan (SB) Office in the Municipal Local Government Units (LGU) of Nabua and Bula, Camarines Sur provided better accessibility, security, and management of documents.

As an important institutional element, government information security is not only related to technical issues but also to human resources. Various types of information security instruments in an institution cannot provide maximum protection as long as employees still have a low level of information security awareness. This study aims to measure the level of information security awareness of government employees through case studies at the Directorate General of ABC (DG ABC) in Indonesia. This study used two methods, behavior approach through phishing simulation and knowledge approach through a questionnaire on a Likert scale. The simulation results were analyzed on a percentage scale and compared to the results of the questionnaire to determine the level of employees' information security awareness and determine which method was the best. Results show a significant relationship between the simulation results and the questionnaire results. Among the employees who opened the email, 69% clicked on the link that led to the camouflage page and through the questionnaire, it was found that the information security awareness level of DG ABC employees was at the level of 79.32% which was the lower limit of the GOOD category.

In this research paper author surveys the need of data protection from intelligent systems in the private and public sectors. For this, she identifies that the Smart Information Security Intel processes needs to be the suggestive key policy for both sectors of governance either public or private. The information is very sensitive for any organization. When the government offices are concerned, information needs to be abstracted and encapsulated so that there is no information stealing. For this purposes, the art of skill set and new optimized technology needs to be stationed. Author identifies that digital bar-coded air port like security using conveyor belts and digital bar-coded conveyor boxes to scan switched ON articles like internet of things needs to be placed. As otherwise, there can potentially be data, articles or information stealing from the operational sites where access is unauthorized. Such activities shall need to be scrutinized, minutely. The biometric such as fingerprints, iris, voice and face recognition pattern updates in the virtual data tables must be taken to keep data entry-exit log up to-date. The information technicians of the sentinel systems must help catch the anomalies in the professional working time in private and public sectors if there is red flag as indicator. The author in this research paper shall discuss in detail what we shall station, how we shall station and what all measures we might need to undertake to safeguard the stealing of sensitive information from the organizations like administration buildings, government buildings, educational schools, hospitals, courts, private buildings, banks and all other offices nation-wide. The TO-BE new processes shall make the AS-IS office system more information secured, data protected and personnel security stronger.