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Challenges in Engineering
Automotive Software
and
Competency Requirements
Ramesh S
GM R&D
Reinventing the Automobiles
Personal Mobility undergoing fundamental changes Triggered by societal, environmental and personal pressures
Energy, Emisson, safety, congestion, cost,
personalization
Safety, Congestion and Convenience
Key Enablers: advances in Electronics,
Communication and SW Technologies
S. Ramesh
2
OEM Challenges
Cars increasing with population increase
Population: 6B (now) – 7.5B
(2020) – 9B (2050) From 12% (now) - 15% (2020) - 20% (2050) Cars: 700M (now) – 1B (2020) – 1.5B (2050)
1B to 1.5B vehicles is not sustainable!
Environment, Energy Safety, Congestion
S. Ramesh
3
Crash avoidance features (Blind spot detection, Lane Depart. Warning, side-view assistance, adaptive headlights) avoided 1/3 fatal crashes, 1/5 serious/moderate injury crashes
US Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
S. Ramesh
4
Roadmap to Safety and Convenience
Functionality
On-Demand Autonomous Driving
SemiAutonomous Driving
Distributed control between vehicle and driver • Lane Centering Vehicle performs autonomously “on-demand” for limited travel
Autonomous Driving
Vehicle drives itself for an entire travel journey
• Vehicle as Chauffeur
Driver Assist/ Warning
• Lane Departure Warning • Side Blind-Zone Alert
• Highway-Only Autonomous Driving
Today
Future
S. Ramesh
5
360° Safety with Integrated Sensors
Forward Vision System • Lane tracking • Object detection • Far IR capability
Short-Range Blind-Spot Sensors
Short Range Sensor Long s Range Sensors
LongRange Scanning Short- Sensor Range Sensors
Enhanced Digital Map Rear Vision SystemSystem • Object detection • Far IR capability
S. Ramesh
6
Vehicular Information Systems
Enterprise BSC
Backend
CDMA Cellular Communication
DSRC Communication 5.9 GHz, 1 KM Range (IEEE 802.11p Standard)
S. Ramesh
7
7
V2I already exists
• • • • • •
CDMA based Network Hands-free Communication Turn-by-turn navigation In-vehicle security Remote Diagnostics emergency Services
S. Ramesh
8
Autonomous Vehicles “BOSS”
“EN-V”
S. Ramesh
9
Vehicles That Drive Themselves
Where am I – GPS + digital maps What’s around me – 360° sensing (sensors + “V2V”) Take me where I want to go – Software algorithms + electronic controls and actuators
S. Ramesh
10
Electronic and SW Vehicle
Electronics and SW play major role Introduced a decade ago, it has proliferated the vehicle subsystems
7000 Ft. of wire length in today’s cars
90% innovation in automobiles is in electronics (Kopetz 2000) More electronics than in the first airbus
100s of sensors/actuators 4-5 different communication buses, 100 millions of lines of code 10 Mbytes of SW % Cost of SW: 1% (1980), 20% (2004), 40% (2015)
10s of processors (ECUs),
S. Ramesh
11
Electronics & Software Functions
Four diverse categories Powertrain control functions
Engine control for fuel efficiency
Hybrid System, Hard Real Time (micro-,milliseconds)
Chassis control
ABS,ESP, By-wire Hybrid System, Hard Real Time(milliseconds)
Body electronics
Lights, doors, windows, dashboard, seats, mirrors Discrete, Reactive (seconds)
Telematics
Navigation, infotainment (radio, phone, video)
S. Ramesh
12
Software Vehicle
Complex embedded system Multiple processors with real-time tasks
RTOS and middleware : OSEK–RT
CAN and time-triggered communication buses Gateways, routers and protocol stack
Enormous design and verification challenges
S. Ramesh
13
Distributed Embedded Systems
S. Ramesh
14
More than 100 ECUs in the superset definition
S. Ramesh
15
Active Safety to Autonomy
Complexity increase
Increased scope for
faults
Failures NOTICED
Business Critical, if
not safety-critical Leads to loss of image, confidence, sales
S. Ramesh
16
Design and Verification Challenges
How do we arrive at these products?
Correct, reliable and efficient
Correctness
Untrained users, arbitrary environments, large volume
Reliability and dependability
Cost effective and large volume
Efficiency
Hardware resources Software development efforts
S. Ramesh
17
SW Functions
Controllers implemented in SW Controllers in multiple Domains
Powertrain, Body, Safety, Telematics, Infotainment Varied in nature, criticality, functionality
Discrete and Reactive (Body) Continuous, Hard Real Time (Safety and PT) Discrete and Soft Real Time (Telematics)
S. Ramesh
18
SW Architecture
Current
Federated Architecture
One Function per box Independent boxes supplied by different suppliers OEMs assemble and integrate the boxes Different boxes share communication infrastructure Hi and Low Speed CAN and LIN Buses
Future
Distributed Architectures
Functionality mixed up in a single box OEM need to assemble individual as well as entire system
Autosar (component-based Infrastructure) enhance and enable distributed
implementation
Functions as Components with std. interfaces VFB for component communication and interaction Manages the complexity of distribution with multiple suppliers
S. Ramesh
19
Distributed Platform
Controller implemented as a distributed system
Multiple ECUs, and communication buses
Single Function in many ECUs Many functions in a single ECU ECUs connected by constrained buses
CAN, Flexray, Ethernet, Most
ECUs have scheduling constraints which also lead to delays Traditional control design abstraction of inst. Reaction and feedback less valid Feature Interaction
S. Ramesh
20
Current Practices
Model-based Development Executable models used as intermediate step
Simulink/SF, UML
Requirements
f() fcg 1 onOff 2 accelResume 3 cancel 4 decelSet 5 brake 6 gas
trigger
throttleDelta
Code auto-generated Gap Still exists between Requirements and Design Models V&V focused only on code
onOf f
1
accelResume
active
cancel activ e decelSet
brake
2
gas
throttleDelta
dSpeed
speed
CruiseMain
CruiseMDL
3 speed
throttleDelta activ e speed inactiv eThrottleDelta drag
7 8 drag inactiveThrottleDelta
Plant
Code
S. Ramesh
21
V – cycle of Development and V&V
Simulation and Analysis Requirements (System, Functional) Test Benches, Test Vehicles Vehicle Validation
System Level
Functional Architecture Development Physical Architecture Development
Functional Integration
System Validation
Component Level
Implementation, & Unit Testing
Integrate SW & HW (Component)
Focus on Integration testing (Domain & Vehicle level testing)
Many artifacts are informal and ambiguous
S. Test generation manual Ramesh
22
Next Gen Activities
Requirement Engineering
Requirements captured in DOORs
Move Towards Integrated Architecture
Component-based SW Infrastructure
Autosar
Fail Silent and Fail safe systems Enhanced System Engineering
Functional Safety, ISO 26262 Security
Enhanced Virtualization and Early analysis
Shift from ECU oriented development to feature oriented development
S. Ramesh
23
Gaps Still Remains
Rigorous and Extensive Analysis of Requirements
Systems level requirements to component-level requirement
System Level modeling and Analysis
Relating Unit level testing and subsystem and system level testing
Incremental Development of Systems or Functionality
Compositionality Feature interaction
Conformance of implementation to system models
S. Ramesh
24
People and Competencies
Present Skill set:
Degree in CS/EE
Basics of Programming, Operating System, Embedded Systems, Basics in Communication, Networking and Control System Design Embedded Software Development, and System building Configuration and Maintenance
Project Experience in
Required/Desired Skill set:
Knowledge and experience in
Requirement Engineering Early modeling and analysis Thinking independent of implementation platform or architecture System Engineering Safety and Security Issues Comprehensive knowledge of S/A, physical systems and computational systems Control systems and Distributed SW implementation Modeling and Meta-modeling at software and system level Standards and Processes for Safety and security-critical systems
S. Ramesh
25
Automotive Software
and
Competency Requirements
Ramesh S
GM R&D
Reinventing the Automobiles
Personal Mobility undergoing fundamental changes Triggered by societal, environmental and personal pressures
Energy, Emisson, safety, congestion, cost,
personalization
Safety, Congestion and Convenience
Key Enablers: advances in Electronics,
Communication and SW Technologies
S. Ramesh
2
OEM Challenges
Cars increasing with population increase
Population: 6B (now) – 7.5B
(2020) – 9B (2050) From 12% (now) - 15% (2020) - 20% (2050) Cars: 700M (now) – 1B (2020) – 1.5B (2050)
1B to 1.5B vehicles is not sustainable!
Environment, Energy Safety, Congestion
S. Ramesh
3
Crash avoidance features (Blind spot detection, Lane Depart. Warning, side-view assistance, adaptive headlights) avoided 1/3 fatal crashes, 1/5 serious/moderate injury crashes
US Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
S. Ramesh
4
Roadmap to Safety and Convenience
Functionality
On-Demand Autonomous Driving
SemiAutonomous Driving
Distributed control between vehicle and driver • Lane Centering Vehicle performs autonomously “on-demand” for limited travel
Autonomous Driving
Vehicle drives itself for an entire travel journey
• Vehicle as Chauffeur
Driver Assist/ Warning
• Lane Departure Warning • Side Blind-Zone Alert
• Highway-Only Autonomous Driving
Today
Future
S. Ramesh
5
360° Safety with Integrated Sensors
Forward Vision System • Lane tracking • Object detection • Far IR capability
Short-Range Blind-Spot Sensors
Short Range Sensor Long s Range Sensors
LongRange Scanning Short- Sensor Range Sensors
Enhanced Digital Map Rear Vision SystemSystem • Object detection • Far IR capability
S. Ramesh
6
Vehicular Information Systems
Enterprise BSC
Backend
CDMA Cellular Communication
DSRC Communication 5.9 GHz, 1 KM Range (IEEE 802.11p Standard)
S. Ramesh
7
7
V2I already exists
• • • • • •
CDMA based Network Hands-free Communication Turn-by-turn navigation In-vehicle security Remote Diagnostics emergency Services
S. Ramesh
8
Autonomous Vehicles “BOSS”
“EN-V”
S. Ramesh
9
Vehicles That Drive Themselves
Where am I – GPS + digital maps What’s around me – 360° sensing (sensors + “V2V”) Take me where I want to go – Software algorithms + electronic controls and actuators
S. Ramesh
10
Electronic and SW Vehicle
Electronics and SW play major role Introduced a decade ago, it has proliferated the vehicle subsystems
7000 Ft. of wire length in today’s cars
90% innovation in automobiles is in electronics (Kopetz 2000) More electronics than in the first airbus
100s of sensors/actuators 4-5 different communication buses, 100 millions of lines of code 10 Mbytes of SW % Cost of SW: 1% (1980), 20% (2004), 40% (2015)
10s of processors (ECUs),
S. Ramesh
11
Electronics & Software Functions
Four diverse categories Powertrain control functions
Engine control for fuel efficiency
Hybrid System, Hard Real Time (micro-,milliseconds)
Chassis control
ABS,ESP, By-wire Hybrid System, Hard Real Time(milliseconds)
Body electronics
Lights, doors, windows, dashboard, seats, mirrors Discrete, Reactive (seconds)
Telematics
Navigation, infotainment (radio, phone, video)
S. Ramesh
12
Software Vehicle
Complex embedded system Multiple processors with real-time tasks
RTOS and middleware : OSEK–RT
CAN and time-triggered communication buses Gateways, routers and protocol stack
Enormous design and verification challenges
S. Ramesh
13
Distributed Embedded Systems
S. Ramesh
14
More than 100 ECUs in the superset definition
S. Ramesh
15
Active Safety to Autonomy
Complexity increase
Increased scope for
faults
Failures NOTICED
Business Critical, if
not safety-critical Leads to loss of image, confidence, sales
S. Ramesh
16
Design and Verification Challenges
How do we arrive at these products?
Correct, reliable and efficient
Correctness
Untrained users, arbitrary environments, large volume
Reliability and dependability
Cost effective and large volume
Efficiency
Hardware resources Software development efforts
S. Ramesh
17
SW Functions
Controllers implemented in SW Controllers in multiple Domains
Powertrain, Body, Safety, Telematics, Infotainment Varied in nature, criticality, functionality
Discrete and Reactive (Body) Continuous, Hard Real Time (Safety and PT) Discrete and Soft Real Time (Telematics)
S. Ramesh
18
SW Architecture
Current
Federated Architecture
One Function per box Independent boxes supplied by different suppliers OEMs assemble and integrate the boxes Different boxes share communication infrastructure Hi and Low Speed CAN and LIN Buses
Future
Distributed Architectures
Functionality mixed up in a single box OEM need to assemble individual as well as entire system
Autosar (component-based Infrastructure) enhance and enable distributed
implementation
Functions as Components with std. interfaces VFB for component communication and interaction Manages the complexity of distribution with multiple suppliers
S. Ramesh
19
Distributed Platform
Controller implemented as a distributed system
Multiple ECUs, and communication buses
Single Function in many ECUs Many functions in a single ECU ECUs connected by constrained buses
CAN, Flexray, Ethernet, Most
ECUs have scheduling constraints which also lead to delays Traditional control design abstraction of inst. Reaction and feedback less valid Feature Interaction
S. Ramesh
20
Current Practices
Model-based Development Executable models used as intermediate step
Simulink/SF, UML
Requirements
f() fcg 1 onOff 2 accelResume 3 cancel 4 decelSet 5 brake 6 gas
trigger
throttleDelta
Code auto-generated Gap Still exists between Requirements and Design Models V&V focused only on code
onOf f
1
accelResume
active
cancel activ e decelSet
brake
2
gas
throttleDelta
dSpeed
speed
CruiseMain
CruiseMDL
3 speed
throttleDelta activ e speed inactiv eThrottleDelta drag
7 8 drag inactiveThrottleDelta
Plant
Code
S. Ramesh
21
V – cycle of Development and V&V
Simulation and Analysis Requirements (System, Functional) Test Benches, Test Vehicles Vehicle Validation
System Level
Functional Architecture Development Physical Architecture Development
Functional Integration
System Validation
Component Level
Implementation, & Unit Testing
Integrate SW & HW (Component)
Focus on Integration testing (Domain & Vehicle level testing)
Many artifacts are informal and ambiguous
S. Test generation manual Ramesh
22
Next Gen Activities
Requirement Engineering
Requirements captured in DOORs
Move Towards Integrated Architecture
Component-based SW Infrastructure
Autosar
Fail Silent and Fail safe systems Enhanced System Engineering
Functional Safety, ISO 26262 Security
Enhanced Virtualization and Early analysis
Shift from ECU oriented development to feature oriented development
S. Ramesh
23
Gaps Still Remains
Rigorous and Extensive Analysis of Requirements
Systems level requirements to component-level requirement
System Level modeling and Analysis
Relating Unit level testing and subsystem and system level testing
Incremental Development of Systems or Functionality
Compositionality Feature interaction
Conformance of implementation to system models
S. Ramesh
24
People and Competencies
Present Skill set:
Degree in CS/EE
Basics of Programming, Operating System, Embedded Systems, Basics in Communication, Networking and Control System Design Embedded Software Development, and System building Configuration and Maintenance
Project Experience in
Required/Desired Skill set:
Knowledge and experience in
Requirement Engineering Early modeling and analysis Thinking independent of implementation platform or architecture System Engineering Safety and Security Issues Comprehensive knowledge of S/A, physical systems and computational systems Control systems and Distributed SW implementation Modeling and Meta-modeling at software and system level Standards and Processes for Safety and security-critical systems
S. Ramesh
25