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Challenges in Engineering

Automotive Software
and

Competency Requirements
Ramesh S

GM R&D

Reinventing the Automobiles


Personal Mobility undergoing fundamental changes Triggered by societal, environmental and personal pressures
 Energy, Emisson, safety, congestion, cost,



personalization


Safety, Congestion and Convenience
 Key Enablers: advances in Electronics,

Communication and SW Technologies

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OEM Challenges


Cars increasing with population increase
 Population: 6B (now) – 7.5B

(2020) – 9B (2050)  From 12% (now) - 15% (2020) - 20% (2050)  Cars: 700M (now) – 1B (2020) – 1.5B (2050)


1B to 1.5B vehicles is not sustainable!
 Environment, Energy  Safety, Congestion

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Crash avoidance features (Blind spot detection, Lane Depart. Warning, side-view assistance, adaptive headlights) avoided 1/3 fatal crashes, 1/5 serious/moderate injury crashes


US Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

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Roadmap to Safety and Convenience
Functionality
On-Demand Autonomous Driving
SemiAutonomous Driving
Distributed control between vehicle and driver • Lane Centering Vehicle performs autonomously “on-demand” for limited travel

Autonomous Driving
Vehicle drives itself for an entire travel journey
• Vehicle as Chauffeur

Driver Assist/ Warning
• Lane Departure Warning • Side Blind-Zone Alert

• Highway-Only Autonomous Driving

Today

Future
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360° Safety with Integrated Sensors
Forward Vision System • Lane tracking • Object detection • Far IR capability

Short-Range Blind-Spot Sensors
Short Range Sensor Long s Range Sensors

LongRange Scanning Short- Sensor Range Sensors

Enhanced Digital Map Rear Vision SystemSystem • Object detection • Far IR capability
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Vehicular Information Systems
Enterprise BSC

Backend

CDMA Cellular Communication

DSRC Communication 5.9 GHz, 1 KM Range (IEEE 802.11p Standard)

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7

V2I already exists

• • • • • •

CDMA based Network Hands-free Communication Turn-by-turn navigation In-vehicle security Remote Diagnostics emergency Services

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Autonomous Vehicles “BOSS”

“EN-V”

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Vehicles That Drive Themselves

Where am I – GPS + digital maps What’s around me – 360° sensing (sensors + “V2V”) Take me where I want to go – Software algorithms + electronic controls and actuators
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Electronic and SW Vehicle
 

Electronics and SW play major role Introduced a decade ago, it has proliferated the vehicle subsystems


7000 Ft. of wire length in today’s cars



90% innovation in automobiles is in electronics (Kopetz 2000) More electronics than in the first airbus
100s of sensors/actuators  4-5 different communication buses, 100 millions of lines of code  10 Mbytes of SW  % Cost of SW: 1% (1980), 20% (2004), 40% (2015)
 10s of processors (ECUs),



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Electronics & Software Functions
 

Four diverse categories Powertrain control functions
 Engine control for fuel efficiency
 Hybrid System, Hard Real Time (micro-,milliseconds)



Chassis control
 ABS,ESP, By-wire  Hybrid System, Hard Real Time(milliseconds)



Body electronics
 Lights, doors, windows, dashboard, seats, mirrors  Discrete, Reactive (seconds)



Telematics
 Navigation, infotainment (radio, phone, video)

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Software Vehicle
 

Complex embedded system Multiple processors with real-time tasks


  

RTOS and middleware : OSEK–RT
CAN and time-triggered communication buses Gateways, routers and protocol stack

Enormous design and verification challenges

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Distributed Embedded Systems

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More than 100 ECUs in the superset definition

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Active Safety to Autonomy


Complexity increase
 Increased scope for

faults


Failures NOTICED
 Business Critical, if

not safety-critical  Leads to loss of image, confidence, sales

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Design and Verification Challenges


How do we arrive at these products?
 Correct, reliable and efficient


 

Correctness
 Untrained users, arbitrary environments, large volume

Reliability and dependability
 Cost effective and large volume

Efficiency
 Hardware resources  Software development efforts

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SW Functions
 

Controllers implemented in SW Controllers in multiple Domains
 Powertrain, Body, Safety, Telematics, Infotainment  Varied in nature, criticality, functionality
  

Discrete and Reactive (Body) Continuous, Hard Real Time (Safety and PT) Discrete and Soft Real Time (Telematics)

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SW Architecture


Current
 Federated Architecture



 

One Function per box Independent boxes supplied by different suppliers OEMs assemble and integrate the boxes Different boxes share communication infrastructure  Hi and Low Speed CAN and LIN Buses



Future
 Distributed Architectures
 

Functionality mixed up in a single box OEM need to assemble individual as well as entire system

 Autosar (component-based Infrastructure) enhance and enable distributed

implementation
  

Functions as Components with std. interfaces VFB for component communication and interaction Manages the complexity of distribution with multiple suppliers

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Distributed Platform


Controller implemented as a distributed system


Multiple ECUs, and communication buses

  

Single Function in many ECUs Many functions in a single ECU ECUs connected by constrained buses
 CAN, Flexray, Ethernet, Most

 

ECUs have scheduling constraints which also lead to delays Traditional control design abstraction of inst. Reaction and feedback less valid Feature Interaction



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Current Practices


Model-based Development Executable models used as intermediate step
 Simulink/SF, UML

Requirements



f() fcg 1 onOff 2 accelResume 3 cancel 4 decelSet 5 brake 6 gas

trigger


throttleDelta

Code auto-generated Gap Still exists between Requirements and Design Models V&V focused only on code

onOf f

1
accelResume

active



cancel activ e decelSet

brake

2
gas

throttleDelta
dSpeed



speed

CruiseMain
CruiseMDL

3 speed
throttleDelta activ e speed inactiv eThrottleDelta drag

7 8 drag inactiveThrottleDelta

Plant

Code

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V – cycle of Development and V&V
Simulation and Analysis Requirements (System, Functional) Test Benches, Test Vehicles Vehicle Validation

System Level

Functional Architecture Development Physical Architecture Development

Functional Integration

System Validation

Component Level

Implementation, & Unit Testing

Integrate SW & HW (Component)



Focus on Integration testing (Domain & Vehicle level testing)
Many artifacts are informal and ambiguous
S. Test generation manual Ramesh
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 

Next Gen Activities


Requirement Engineering
 Requirements captured in DOORs




Move Towards Integrated Architecture
Component-based SW Infrastructure
 Autosar

 

Fail Silent and Fail safe systems Enhanced System Engineering
 Functional Safety, ISO 26262  Security

 

Enhanced Virtualization and Early analysis

Shift from ECU oriented development to feature oriented development
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Gaps Still Remains


Rigorous and Extensive Analysis of Requirements
 Systems level requirements to component-level requirement



System Level modeling and Analysis
 Relating Unit level testing and subsystem and system level testing



Incremental Development of Systems or Functionality
 Compositionality  Feature interaction



Conformance of implementation to system models

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People and Competencies


Present Skill set:
 Degree in CS/EE


Basics of Programming, Operating System, Embedded Systems, Basics in Communication, Networking and Control System Design Embedded Software Development, and System building Configuration and Maintenance

 Project Experience in
 



Required/Desired Skill set:
 Knowledge and experience in








Requirement Engineering  Early modeling and analysis  Thinking independent of implementation platform or architecture System Engineering  Safety and Security Issues  Comprehensive knowledge of S/A, physical systems and computational systems  Control systems and Distributed SW implementation Modeling and Meta-modeling at software and system level Standards and Processes for Safety and security-critical systems

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