Biblio

Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have recently become an active research area. This is because of its important applications in the transportation field in which vehicles have severe position during activities of daily living in persons. In this paper, the basic background of the VANET from the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs), VANET standard and VANET characteristics are discussed. Second, the architecture from components and communications of the system are presented. Then, the critical challenges and future perspectives in this field are comprehensively reviewed. This paper could serve as a guide and reference in the design and development of any new techniques for VANETs. Moreover, this paper may help researchers and developers in the selection of the main features of VANET for their goals in one single document.

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) are becoming inevitable in this world of high technology as it provides low cost access to broadband services. Moreover, the technologists are doing research to make WMN more reliable and secure. Subsequently, among wireless ad-hoc networking technologies, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is gaining high degree of importance among researchers due to its easy availability in the gadgets and low power consumption. BLE started its journey from version 4.0 and announced the latest version 5 with mesh support capability. BLE being a low power and mesh supported technology is nowadays among the hot research topics for the researchers. Many of the researchers are working on BLE mesh technology to make it more efficient and smart. Apart from other variables of efficiency, like all communication networks, mesh network security is also of a great concern. In view of the aforesaid, this paper provides a comprehensive review on several works associated to the security in WMN and BLE mesh networks and the research related to the BLE security protocols. Moreover, after the detailed research on related works, this paper has discussed the pros and cons of the present developed mesh security mechanisms. Also, at the end after extracting the curx from the present research on WMN and BLE mesh security, this research study has devised some solutions as how to mitigate the BLE mesh network security lapses.

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) is extensively used in wireless sensor networks due to its capability to transmit IPv6 packets with low bandwidth and limited resources. 6LoWPAN has several operations in each layer. Most existing security challenges are focused on the network layer, which is represented by the Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks (RPL). 6LoWPAN, with its routing protocol (RPL), usually uses nodes that have constrained resources (memory, power, and processor). In addition, RPL messages are exchanged among network nodes without any message authentication mechanism, thereby exposing the RPL to various attacks that may lead to network disruptions. A sinkhole attack utilizes the vulnerabilities in an RPL and attracts considerable traffic by advertising falsified data that change the routing preference for other nodes. This paper proposes the neighbor-passive monitoring technique (NPMT) for detecting sinkhole attacks in RPL-based networks. The proposed technique is evaluated using the COOJA simulator in terms of power consumption and detection accuracy. Moreover, NPMT is compared with popular detection mechanisms.