Biblio

Adaptive authentication systems identify and enforce suitable methods to verify that someone (user) or something (device) is eligible to access a service or a resource. An authentication method is usually adapted in response to changes in the security risk or the user's behaviour. Previous work on adaptive authentication systems provides limited guidance about i) what and how contextual factors can affect the selection of an authentication method; ii) which requirements are relevant to an adaptive authentication system and iii) how authentication methods can affect the satisfaction of the relevant requirements. In this paper, we provide a holistic framework informed by previous research to characterize the adaptive authentication problem and support the development of an adaptive authentication system. Our framework explicitly considers the contextual factors that can trigger an adaptation, the requirements that are relevant during decision making and their trade-offs, as well as the authentication methods that can change as a result of an adaptation. From the gaps identified in the literature, we elicit a set of challenges that can be addressed in future research on adaptive authentication.

Despite the benefits offered by smart grids, energy producers, distributors and consumers are increasingly concerned about possible security and privacy threats. These threats typically manifest themselves at runtime as new usage scenarios arise and vulnerabilities are discovered. Adaptive security and privacy promise to address these threats by increasing awareness and automating prevention, detection and recovery from security and privacy requirements' failures at runtime by re-configuring system controls and perhaps even changing requirements. This paper discusses the need for adaptive security and privacy in smart grids by presenting some motivating scenarios. We then outline some research issues that arise in engineering adaptive security. We particularly scrutinize published reports by NIST on smart grid security and privacy as the basis for our discussions.

The Internet of Things (IoT) systems are designed and developed either as standalone applications from the ground-up or with the help of IoT middleware platforms. They are designed to support different kinds of scenarios, such as smart homes and smart cities. Thus far, privacy concerns have not been explicitly considered by IoT applications and middleware platforms. This is partly due to the lack of systematic methods for designing privacy that can guide the software development process in IoT. In this paper, we propose a set of guidelines, a privacy by-design framework, that can be used to assess privacy capabilities and gaps of existing IoT applications as well as middleware platforms. We have evaluated two open source IoT middleware platforms, namely OpenIoT and Eclipse SmartHome, to demonstrate how our framework can be used in this way.