Biblio

In this paper, we propose a scheme to protect the Software Defined Network(SDN) controller from Distributed Denial-of-Service(DDoS) attacks. We first predict the amount of new requests for each openflow switch periodically based on Taylor series, and the requests will then be directed to the security gateway if the prediction value is beyond the threshold. The requests that caused the dramatic decrease of entropy will be filtered out and rules will be made in security gateway by our algorithm; the rules of these requests will be sent to the controller. The controller will send the rules to each switch to make them direct the flows matching with the rules to the honey pot. The simulation shows the averages of both false positive and false negative are less than 2%.

The performance evaluation of distribution network operators is essential for the electrical utilities to know how prepared the operators are to execute their operation standards and rules, searching for minimizing the time of power outage, after some contingency. The performance of operators can be evaluated by the impact of their actions on several technical and economic indicators of the distribution system. This issue is a complex problem, whose solution involves necessarily some expertise and a multi-criteria evaluation. This paper presents a Tutorial Expert System (TES) for performance evaluation of electrical distribution network operators after a given contingency in the electrical network. The proposed TES guides the evaluation process, taking into account technical, economic and personal criteria, aiding the quantification of these criteria. A case study based on real data demonstrates the applicability of the performance evaluation procedure of distribution network operators.

A general approach to the synthesis of the conditionally unstable fuzzy controller is introduced in this paper. This approach allows tuning the output signal of the system for both fast and smooth transient. Fuzzy logic allows combining the properties of several strategies of system tuning dependent on the state of the system. The utilization of instability allows achieving faster transient when the error of the system output is beyond the predefined value. Later the system roots are smoothly moved to the left-hand side of the complex s-plane due to the change of the membership function values. The results of the proposed approaches are compared with the results obtained using traditional methods of controller synthesis.

DPI Management application which resides on the north-bound of SDN architecture is to analyze the application signature data from the network. The data being read and analyzed are of format JSON for effective data representation and flows provisioned from North-bound application is also of JSON format. The data analytic engine analyzes the data stored in the non-relational data base and provides the information about real-time applications used by the network users. Allows the operator to provision flows dynamically with the data from the network to allow/block flows and also to boost the bandwidth. The DPI Management application allows decoupling of application with the controller; thus providing the facility to run it in any hyper-visor within network. Able to publish SNMP trap notifications to the network operators with application threshold and flow provisioning behavior. Data purging from non-relational database at frequent intervals to remove the obsolete analyzed data.

Hardware implementations of cryptographic algorithms may leak information through numerous side channels, which can be used to reveal the secret cryptographic keys, and therefore compromise the security of the algorithm. Power Analysis Attacks (PAAs) [1] exploit the information leakage from the device's power consumption (typically measured on the supply and/or ground pins). Digital circuits consume dynamic switching energy when data propagate through the logic in each new calculation (e.g. new clock cycle). The average power dissipation of a design can be expressed by: Ptot(t) = α · (Pd(t) + Ppvt(t)) (1) where α is the activity factor (the probability that the gate will switch) and depends on the probability distribution of the inputs to the combinatorial logic. This induces a linear relationship between the power and the processed data [2]. Pd is the deterministic power dissipated by the switching of the gate, including any parasitic and intrinsic capacitances, and hence can be evaluated prior to manufacturing. Ppvt is the change in expected power consumption due to nondeterministic parameters such as process variations, mismatch, temperature, etc. In this manuscript, we describe the design of logic gates that induce data-independent (constant) α and Pd.

The IoT node works mostly in a specific scenario, and executes the fixed program. In order to make it suitable for more scenarios, this paper introduces a kind of the IoT node, which can change program at any time. And this node has intelligent and dynamic reconfigurable features. Then, a transport protocol is proposed. It enables this node to work in different scenarios and perform corresponding program. Finally, we use Verilog to design and FPGA to verify. The result shows that this protocol is feasible. It also offers a novel way of the IoT.

PUFs are an emerging security primitive that offers a lightweight security alternative to highly constrained devices like RFIDs. PUFs used in authentication protocols however suffer from unreliable outputs. This hinders their scaling, which is necessary for increased security, and makes them also problematic to use with cryptographic functions. We introduce a new Dual Arbiter PUF design that reveals additional information concerning the stability of the outputs. We then employ a novel filtering scheme that discards unreliable outputs with a minimum number of evaluations, greatly reducing the BER of the PUF.

Mixed-Criticality Systems (MCS) are real-time systems characterized by two or more distinct levels of criticality. In MCS, it is imperative that high-critical flows meet their deadlines while low critical flows can tolerate some delays. Sharing resources between flows in Network-On-Chip (NoC) can lead to different unpredictable latencies and subsequently complicate the implementation of MCS in many-core architectures. This paper proposes a new virtual channel router designed for MCS deployed over NoCs. The first objective of this router is to reduce the worst-case communication latency of high-critical flows. The second aim is to improve the network use rate and reduce the communication latency for low-critical flows. The proposed router, called DAS (Double Arbiter and Switching router), jointly uses Wormhole and Store And Forward techniques for low and high-critical flows respectively. Simulations with a cycle-accurate SystemC NoC simulator show that, with a 15% network use rate, the communication delay of high-critical flows is reduced by 80% while communication delay of low-critical flow is increased by 18% compared to usual solutions based on routers with multiple virtual channels.

SDN is a new network framework which can be controlled and defined by software programming, and OpenFlow is the communication protocol between SDN controller plane and data plane. With centralized control of SDN, the network is more vulnerable encounter APT than traditional network. After deeply analyzing the process of APT at each stage in SDN, this paper proposes the APT detection method based on HMM, which can fully reflect the relationship between attack behavior and APT stage. Experiment shows that the method is more accurate to detect APT in SDN, and less overhead.

The deployment of Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) technologies is increasing, with security as a recognized application driving adoption. However, despite the potential with SDN/NFV for automated and adaptive network security services, the controller interaction presents both a performance and scalability challenge, and a threat vector. To overcome the performance issue, stateful data-plane designs have been proposed. However, these solutions do not offer protection from SDN-specific attacks linked to necessary control functions such as link reconfiguration and switch identification. In this work, we leverage the OpenState framework to introduce state-based SDN security protection mechanisms. The extensions required for this design are presented with respect to an SDN configuration-based attack. The demonstration shows the ability of the SDN Configuration (CFG) security protection mechanism to support legitimate relocation requests and to protect against malicious connection attempts.

The majority of business activity of our integrated and connected world takes place in networks based on cloud computing infrastructure that cross national, geographic and jurisdictional boundaries. Such an efficient entity interconnection is made possible through an emerging networking paradigm, Software Defined Networking (SDN) that intends to vastly simplify policy enforcement and network reconfiguration in a dynamic manner. However, despite the obvious advantages this novel networking paradigm introduces, its increased attack surface compared to traditional networking deployments proved to be a thorny issue that creates skepticism when safety-critical applications are considered. Especially when SDN is used to support Internet-of-Things (IoT)-related networking elements, additional security concerns rise, due to the elevated vulnerability of such deployments to specific types of attacks and the necessity of inter-cloud communication any IoT application would require. The overall number of connected nodes makes the efficient monitoring of all entities a real challenge, that must be tackled to prevent system degradation and service outage. This position paper provides an overview of common security issues of SDN when linked to IoT clouds, describes the design principals of the recently introduced Blockchain paradigm and advocates the reasons that render Blockchain as a significant security factor for solutions where SDN and IoT are involved.

The majority of business activity of our integrated and connected world takes place in networks based on cloud computing infrastructure that cross national, geographic and jurisdictional boundaries. Such an efficient entity interconnection is made possible through an emerging networking paradigm, Software Defined Networking (SDN) that intends to vastly simplify policy enforcement and network reconfiguration in a dynamic manner. However, despite the obvious advantages this novel networking paradigm introduces, its increased attack surface compared to traditional networking deployments proved to be a thorny issue that creates skepticism when safety-critical applications are considered. Especially when SDN is used to support Internet-of-Things (IoT)-related networking elements, additional security concerns rise, due to the elevated vulnerability of such deployments to specific types of attacks and the necessity of inter-cloud communication any IoT application would require. The overall number of connected nodes makes the efficient monitoring of all entities a real challenge, that must be tackled to prevent system degradation and service outage. This position paper provides an overview of common security issues of SDN when linked to IoT clouds, describes the design principals of the recently introduced Blockchain paradigm and advocates the reasons that render Blockchain as a significant security factor for solutions where SDN and IoT are involved.

The article issue is the enterprise information protection within the internet of things concept. The aim of research is to develop arrangements set to ensure secure enterprise IPv6 network operating. The object of research is the enterprise IPv6 network. The subject of research is modern switching equipment as a tool to ensure network protection. The research task is to prioritize functioning of switches in production and corporation enterprise networks, to develop a network host protection algorithm, to test the developed algorithm on the Cisco Packet Tracer 7 software emulator. The result of research is the proposed approach to IPv6-network security based on analysis of modern switches functionality, developed and tested enterprise network host protection algorithm under IPv6-protocol with an automated network SLAAC-configuration control, a set of arrangements for resisting default enterprise gateway attacks, using ACL, VLAN, SEND, RA Guard security technology, which allows creating sufficiently high level of networks security.

Software Defined Networks (SDNs) is a new networking paradigm that has gained a lot of attention in recent years especially in implementing data center networks and in providing efficient security solutions. The popularity of SDN and its attractive security features suggest that it can be used in the context of smart grid systems to address many of the vulnerabilities and security problems facing such critical infrastructure systems. This paper studies the impact of different cyber attacks that can target smart grid communication network which is implemented as a software defined network on the operation of the smart grid system in general. In particular, we perform different attack scenarios including DDoS attacks, location highjacking and link overloading against SDN networks of different controller types that include POX, Floodlight and RYU. Our experiments were carried out using the mininet simulator. The experiments show that SDN-enabled smartgrid systems are vulnerable to different types of attacks.

Ideally, minimizing the flow completion time (FCT) requires millions of priorities supported by the underlying network so that each flow has its unique priority. However, in production datacenters, the available switch priority queues for flow scheduling are very limited (merely 2 or 3). This practical constraint seriously degrades the performance of previous approaches. In this paper, we introduce Explicit Priority Notification (EPN), a novel scheduling mechanism which emulates fine-grained priorities (i.e., desired priorities or DP) using only two switch priority queues. EPN can support various flow scheduling disciplines with or without flow size information. We have implemented EPN on commodity switches and evaluated its performance with both testbed experiments and extensive simulations. Our results show that, with flow size information, EPN achieves comparable FCT as pFabric that requires clean-slate switch hardware. And EPN also outperforms TCP by up to 60.5% if it bins the traffic into two priority queues according to flow size. In information-agnostic setting, EPN outperforms PIAS with two priority queues by up to 37.7%. To the best of our knowledge, EPN is the first system that provides millions of priorities for flow scheduling with commodity switches.

With the development of the information and communications technology, new network architecture and applications keep emerging promoted by cloud computing, big data, virtualization technology, etc. As a novel network architecture, Software Defined Network (SDN) realizes separation of the control plane and the data plane, thus controlling hardware by a software platform which is known as the central controller. Through that method SDN realizes the flexible deployment of network resources. In the process of the development and application of SDN, its open architecture has exposed more and more security problem, which triggers a critical focus on how to build a secure SDN. Based on the hierarchical SDN architecture and characteristics, this paper analyzes the security threats that SDN may face in the application layer, the control layer, the resource layer and the interface layer. In order to solve those security threats, the paper presents an SDN security architecture which can provide corresponding defense ability. The paper also puts forward an enhanced access control strategy adopting an attribute-based encryption method in the SDN security architecture.

One challenge for engineered cyber physical systems (CPSs) is the possibility for a malicious intruder to change the data transmitted across the cyber channel as a means to degrade the performance of the physical system. In this paper, we consider a data injection attack on a cyber physical system. We propose a hybrid framework for detecting the presence of an attack and operating the plant in spite of the attack. Our method uses an observer-based detection mechanism and a passivity balance defense framework in the hybrid architecture. By switching the controller, passivity and exponential stability are established under the proposed framework.

The IoT (Internet of Things) is one of the primary reasons for the massive growth in the number of connected devices to the Internet, thus leading to an increased volume of traffic in the core network. Fog and edge computing are becoming a solution to handle IoT traffic by moving timesensitive processing to the edge of the network, while using the conventional cloud for historical analysis and long-term storage. Providing processing, storage, and network communication at the edge network are the aim of fog computing to reduce delay, network traffic, and decentralise computing. In this paper, we define a framework that realises fog computing that can be extended to install any service of choice. Our framework utilises fog nodes as an extension of the traditional switch to include processing, networking, and storage. The fog nodes act as local decision-making elements that interface with software-defined networking (SDN), to be able to push updates throughout the network. To test our framework, we develop an IP spoofing security application and ensure its correctness through multiple experiments.

Security evaluation of diverse SDN frameworks is of significant importance to design resilient systems and deal with attacks. Focused on SDN scenarios, a game-theoretic model is proposed to analyze their security performance in existing SDN architectures. The model can describe specific traits in different structures, represent several types of information of players (attacker and defender) and quantitatively calculate systems' reliability. Simulation results illustrate dynamic SDN structures have distinct security improvement over static ones. Besides, effective dynamic scheduling mechanisms adopted in dynamic systems can enhance their security further.

This paper presents the results of research and simulation of feature automated control of a hysteretic object and the difference between automated control and automatic control. The main feature of automatic control is in the fact that the control loop contains human being as a regulator with its limited response speed. The human reaction can be described as integrating link. The hysteretic object characteristic is switching from one state to another. This is followed by a transient process from one to another characteristic. For this reason, it is very difficult to keep the object in a desired state. Automatic operation ensures fast switching of the feedback signal that produces such a mode, which in many ways is similar to the sliding mode. In the sliding mode control signal abruptly switches from maximum to minimum and vice versa. The average value provides the necessary action to the object. Theoretical analysis and simulation show that the use of the maximum value of the control signal is not required. It is sufficient that the switching oscillation amplitude is such that the output signal varies with the movement of the object along both branches with hysteretic characteristics in the fastest cycle. The average output value in this case corresponds to the prescribed value of the control task. With automated control, the human response can be approximately modeled by integrating regulator. In this case the amplitude fluctuation could be excessively high and the frequency could be excessively low. The simulation showed that creating an artificial additional fluctuation in the control signal makes possible to provide a reduction in the amplitude and the resulting increase in the frequency of oscillation near to the prescribed value. This should be evaluated as a way to improve the quality of automated control with the helps of human being. The paper presents some practical examples of the examined method.

Servers in a network are typically assigned a static identity. Static assignment of identities is a cornerstone for adversaries in finding targets. Moving Target Defense (MTD) mutates the environment to increase unpredictability for an attacker. On another side, Software Defined Networks (SDN) facilitate a global view of a network through a central control point. The potential of SDN can not only make network management flexible and convenient, but it can also assist MTD to enhance attack surface obfuscation. In this paper, we propose an effective framework for the prevention, detection, and mitigation of flooding-based Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. Our framework includes a light-weight SDN assisted MTD strategy for network reconnaissance protection and an efficient approach for tackling DoS attacks using Software Defined-Internet Exchange Point (SD-IXP). To assess the effectiveness of the MTD strategy and DoS mitigation scheme, we set two different experiments. Our results confirm the effectiveness of our framework. With the MTD strategy in place, at maximum, barely 16% reconnaissance attempts were successful while the DoS attacks were accurately detected with false alarm rate as low as 7.1%.

In this paper, we propose a hardware-based defense system in Software-Defined Networking architecture to protect against the HTTP GET Flooding attacks, one of the most dangerous Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks in recent years. Our defense system utilizes per-URL counting mechanism and has been implemented on FPGA as an extension of a NetFPGA-based OpenFlow switch.

Securing Internet of Things (IoT) systems is a challenge because of its multiple points of vulnerability. A spate of recent hacks and security breaches has unveiled glaring vulnerabilities in the IoT. Due to the computational and memory requirement constraints associated with anomaly detection algorithms in core networks, commercial in-line (part of the direct line of communication) Anomaly Detection Systems (ADSs) rely on sampling-based anomaly detection approaches to achieve line rates and truly-inline anomaly detection accuracy in real-time. However, packet sampling is inherently a lossy process which might provide an incomplete and biased approximation of the underlying traffic patterns. Moreover, commercial routers uses proprietary software making them closed to be manipulated from the outside. As a result, detecting malicious packets on the given network path is one of the most challenging problems in the field of network security. We argue that the advent of Software Defined Networking (SDN) provides a unique opportunity to effectively detect and mitigate DDoS attacks. Unlike sampling-based approaches for anomaly detection and limitation of proprietary software at routers, we use the SDN infrastructure to relax the sampling-based ADS constraints and collect traffic flow statistics which are maintained at each SDN-enabled switch to achieve high detection accuracy. In order to implement our idea, we discuss how to mitigate DDoS attacks using the features of SDN infrastructure.

One of the recent focuses in Cloud Computing networks is Software Defined Clouds (SDC), where the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) technology is combined with the traditional Cloud network. SDC is aimed to create an effective Cloud environment by extending the virtualization concept to all resources. In that, the control plane is decoupled from the data plane in a network device and controlled by the centralized controller using the OpenFlow Protocol (OFP). As the centralized controller performs all control functions in a network, it requires strong security. Already, Cloud Computing faces many security challenges. Most vulnerable attacks in SDC is Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks. To overcome the DoS attacks, we propose a distributed Firewall with Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) for SDC. The proposed distributed security mechanism is investigated for two DoS attacks, ICMP and SYN flooding attacks for different network scenarios. From the simulation results and discussion, we showed that the distributed Firewall with IPS security detects and prevents the DoS attack effectively.

Consensus is a fundamental approach to implementing fault-tolerant services through replication. It is well known that there exists a tradeoff between the cost and the resilience. For instance, Crash Fault Tolerant (CFT) protocols have a low cost but can only handle crash failures while Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) protocols handle arbitrary failures but have a higher cost. Hybrid protocols enjoy the benefits of both high performance without failures and high resiliency under failures by switching among different subprotocols. However, it is challenging to determine which subprotocols should be used. We propose a moving target approach to switch among protocols according to the existing system and network vulnerability. At the core of our approach is a formalized cost model that evaluates the vulnerability and performance of consensus protocols based on real-time Intrusion Detection System (IDS) signals. Based on the evaluation results, we demonstrate that a safe, cheap, and unpredictable protocol is always used and a high IDS error rate can be tolerated.