Dependable and secure automotive cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are crucial as human’s lives are dependent on them. Many important subsystems in today’s automobiles such as the engine control system and the anti-brake system are hard real-time systems. If the CPUs in those systems have any fault, regardless of transient faults or hard faults, not only the computation results may be wrong, but also the results may be delivered late. Therefore, CPUs used in those systems must be able to handle two tasks: 1) detect and correct the errors, and 2) ensure that the error detection and correction can be done within the deadline so that the system can function correctly or have a grace period.
