Abstract: Future real-world CPS will likely be large, messy and evolve in a decentralized way due to changing market conditions, yielding a system comprising many heterogeneous components that may have incompatible communication protocols (e.g. subsets of actuators and sensors built by different manufacturers and/or operated by competing entities). The number operating at any one time may also fluctuate, creating a time-dependent ecology comprising anywhere from a few hundred to several million distinct pieces of hardware, software or mechanical components.
