Biblio

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Existing cyber security solutions have been basically developed using knowledge-based models that often cannot trigger new cyber-attack families. With the boom of Artificial Intelligence (AI), especially Deep Learning (DL) algorithms, those security solutions have been plugged-in with AI models to discover, trace, mitigate or respond to incidents of new security events. The algorithms demand a large number of heterogeneous data sources to train and validate new security systems. This paper presents the description of new datasets, the so-called ToNİoT, which involve federated data sources collected from Telemetry datasets of IoT services, Operating system datasets of Windows and Linux, and datasets of Network traffic. The paper introduces the testbed and description of TONİoT datasets for Windows operating systems. The testbed was implemented in three layers: edge, fog and cloud. The edge layer involves IoT and network devices, the fog layer contains virtual machines and gateways, and the cloud layer involves cloud services, such as data analytics, linked to the other two layers. These layers were dynamically managed using the platforms of software-Defined Network (SDN) and Network-Function Virtualization (NFV) using the VMware NSX and vCloud NFV platform. The Windows datasets were collected from audit traces of memories, processors, networks, processes and hard disks. The datasets would be used to evaluate various AI-based cyber security solutions, including intrusion detection, threat intelligence and hunting, privacy preservation and digital forensics. This is because the datasets have a wide range of recent normal and attack features and observations, as well as authentic ground truth events. The datasets can be publicly accessed from this link [1].

Cloud Computing is considered as a business model for providing IT resources as services through the Internet based on pay-as-you-go principle. These IT resources are provided by Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) and requested by Cloud Service Consumers (CSCs). Selecting the proper CSP to deliver services is a critical and strategic process. According to the work in this paper, a framework for trust management in cloud computing has been introduced. The proposed framework consists of five stages; Filtrating, Trusting, Similarity, Ranking and Monitoring. In the Filtrating stage, the existing CSPs in the system will be filtered based on their parameters. The CSPs trust values are calculated in the Trusting stage. Then, the similarity between the CSC requirements and the CSPs data is calculated in the Similarity stage. The ranking of CSPs will be performed in Ranking stage. According to the Monitoring stage, after finishing the service, the CSC sends his feedbacks about the CSP who delivered the service to be used to monitor this CSP. To evaluate the performance of the proposed framework, a comparative study has been done for the Ranking and Monitoring stages using Armor dataset. According to the comparative results it is found that the proposed framework increases the reliability and performance of the cloud environment.

This work proposes a plausible detection scheme for Hardware Trojan (HT) detection in frequency domain analysis. Due to shrinking technology every node consumes low power values (in the range of $μ$W) which are difficult to manipulate for HT detection using conventional methods. The proposed method utilizes the time domain power signals which is converted to frequency domain that represents the implausible signals and analyzed. The precision of HT detection is found to be increased because of the magnified power values in frequency domain. This work uses ISCAS89 bench mark circuits for conducting experiments. In this, the wide range of power values that spans from 695 $μ$W to 22.3 $μ$W are observed in frequency domain whereas the respective powers in time domain have narrow span of 2.29 $μ$W to 0.783 $μ$W which is unconvincing. This work uses the wide span of power values to identify HT and observed that the mid-band of frequencies have larger footprints than the side bands. These methods intend to help the designers in easy identification of HT even of single gate events.

Privacy preservation is a challenging task with the huge amount of data that are available in social media. The data those are stored in the distributed environment or in cloud environment need to ensure confidentiality to data. In addition, representing the voluminous data is graph will be convenient to perform keyword search. The proposed work initially reads the data corresponding to social media and converts that into a graph. In order to prevent the data from the active attacks Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm is used to perform graph encryption. Later, search operation is done using two algorithms: kNK keyword search algorithm and top k nearest keyword search algorithm. The first scheme is used to fetch all the data corresponding to the keyword. The second scheme is used to fetch the nearest neighbor. This scheme increases the efficiency of the search process. Here shortest path algorithm is used to find the minimum distance. Now, based on the minimum value the results are produced. The proposed algorithm shows high performance for graph generation and searching and moderate performance for graph encryption.

Video presentation from Carnegie Melon University "Implementing Cyber Security in DoD Supply Chains," 2020.

In recent years, neural networks have been implemented while solving various tasks. Deep learning algorithms provide state of the art performance in computer vision, NLP, speech recognition, speaker recognition and many other fields. In spite of the good performance, neural networks have significant drawback- they have been found to be vulnerable to adversarial examples resulting from adding small-magnitude perturbations to inputs. While being imperceptible to a human eye, such perturbations lead to significant drop in classification accuracy. It is demonstrated by many studies related to neural network security. Considering the pros and cons of neural networks, as well as a variety of their applications, developing of the methods to improve the robustness of neural networks against adversarial attacks becomes an urgent task. In the article authors propose the “minimalistic” attacker model of the decision support system identification unit, adaptive recommendations on security enhancing, and a set of protective methods. Suggested methods allow for significant increase in classification accuracy under adversarial attacks, as it is demonstrated by an experiment outlined in this article.

The development of mobile internet has brought convenience to people, but the openness and diversity of mobile Internet make it face the security threat of communication privacy data disclosure. In this paper, a trusted android device security communication method based on TrustZone is proposed. Firstly, Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key agreement algorithm is used to make both parties negotiate the session key in the Trusted Execution Environment (TEE), and then, we stored the key safely in the TEE. Finally, TEE completes the encryption and decryption of the transmitted data. This paper constructs a secure communication between mobile devices without a trusted third party and analyzes the feasibility of the method from time efficiency and security. The experimental results show that the method can resist malicious application monitoring in the process of data encryption and ensures the security of the session key. Compared with the traditional scheme, it is found that the performance of the scheme is not significantly reduced.

As Internet of Things (IoT) devices are increasingly used in industry and become further integrated into our daily lives the security of such devices is of paramount concern. Ensuring that the large amount of information that these devices collect is protected and only accessible to authenticated users is a critical requirement of the industry. One potentially inexpensive way to improve device security utilises a Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) to generate a unique random response per device. This random response can be generated in such a way that it can be regenerated reliably and repeatably allowing the response to be considered a signature for each device. This signature could then be used for authentication or key generation purposes, improving trust in IoT devices. The advantage of a PUF based system is that the response does not need to be stored in nonvolatile memory as it is regenerated on demand, hardening the system against physical attacks. With SoC FPGAs being inexpensive and widely available there is potential for their use in both industrial and consumer applications as an additional layer of hardware security. In this paper we investigate and implement a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) based around a PUF solely implemented in the FPGA fabric on a Xilinx Zynq-7000 SoC FPGA. The PUF response is used to seed a generic entropy maximisation function or Pseudorandom Number Generator (PRNG) with a system controller capable of encrypting data to be useful only to the device. This system interacts with a software platform running in the ARM TrustZone on the ARM Cortex core in the SoC, which handles requests between user programs and the FPGA. The proposed PUF-based security module can generate unique random keys able to pass all NIST tests and protects against physical attacks on buses and nonvolatile memories. These improvements are achieved at a cost of fewer than half the resources on the Zynq-7000 SoC FPGA.

Novel magneto-optical isolator and self-holding optical switch with an a-Si:H microring resonator are demonstrated. The devices are driven by the remanence of integrated thin-film magnet and, therefore, maintain their state without any power supply.

Intrusion detection system based on representation learning is the main research direction in the field of anomaly detection. Malicious traffic detection system can distinguish normal and malicious traffic by learning representations between normal and malicious traffic. However, under the context of big data, there are many types of malicious traffic, and the features are also changing constantly. It is still a urgent problem to design a detection model that can effectively learn and summarize the feature of normal traffic and accurately identify the features of new kinds of malicious traffic.in this paper, a malicious traffic detection method based on Deep Support Vector Data Description is proposed, which is called Deep - SVDD. We combine convolutional neural network (CNN) with support vector data description, and train the model with normal traffic. The normal traffic features are mapped to high-dimensional space through neural networks, and a compact hypersphere is trained by unsupervised learning, which includes the normal features of the highdimensional space. Malicious traffic fall outside the hypersphere, thus distinguishing between normal and malicious traffic. Experiments show that the model has a high detection rate and a low false alarm rate, and it can effectively identify new malicious traffic.

Due to their proven efficiency, machine-learning systems are deployed in a wide range of complex real-life problems. More specifically, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) emerged as a promising solution to the accuracy, resource-utilization, and energy-efficiency challenges in machine-learning systems. While these systems are going mainstream, they have inherent security and reliability issues. In this paper, we propose NeuroAttack, a cross-layer attack that threatens the SNNs integrity by exploiting low-level reliability issues through a high-level attack. Particularly, we trigger a fault-injection based sneaky hardware backdoor through a carefully crafted adversarial input noise. Our results on Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and SNNs show a serious integrity threat to state-of-the art machine-learning techniques.

Research on the design of data center infrastructure is increasing, both from academia and industry, due to the rapid development of cloud-based applications such as search engines, social networks, and large-scale computing. On a large scale, data centers can consist of hundreds to thousands of servers that require systems with high-performance requirements and low downtime. To meet the network's needs in a dynamic data center, infrastructure of applications and services are growing. It takes a process of designing a network topology so that it can guarantee availability and security. One way to surmount this is by implementing the zero trust security model based on micro-segmentation. Zero trust is a security idea based on the principle of "never trust, always verify" in which no concepts of trust and untrust in network traffic. The zero trust security model implemented network traffic in the form of untrust. Micro-segmentation is a way to achieve zero trust by dividing a network into smaller logical segments to restrict the traffic. In this research, data center network performance based on software-defined networking with zero trust security model using micro-segmentation has been evaluated using a testbed simulation of Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure by measuring the round trip time, jitter, and packet loss during experiments. Performance evaluation results show that micro-segmentation adds an average round trip time of 4 μs and jitter of 11 μs without packet loss so that the security can be improved without significantly affecting network performance on the data center.

Recently, several cross-layer protocols have been designed for vehicular networks to optimize data dissemination by ensuring internal communications between routing and MAC layers. In this context, a cross-layer protocol, called TDMA-aware Routing Protocol for Multi-hop communications (TRPM), was proposed in order to efficiently select a relay node based on time slot scheduling information obtained from the MAC layer. However, due to the constant evolution of cyber-attacks on the routing and MAC layers, data dissemination in vehicular networks is vulnerable to several types of attack. In this paper, we identify the different attack models that can disrupt the cross-layer operation of the TRPM protocol and assess their impact on performance through simulation. Several new vulnerabilities related to the MAC slot scheduling process are identified. Exploiting of these vulnerabilities would lead to severe channel capacity wastage where up to half of the free slots could not be reserved.

This article presents the modeling results of the ability to improve the accuracy of predicting the state of information security in the space of parameters of its threats. Information security of the protected object is considered as a dynamic system. Security threats to the protected object are used as the security system parameters most qualitatively and fully describing its behavior. The number of threats considered determines the dimension of the security state space. Based on the dynamic properties of changes in information security threats, the space region of the security system possible position at the moments of subsequent measurements of its state (a comprehensive security audit) is predicted. The corrected state of the information security system is considered to be the intersection of the area of subsequent measurement of the state of the system (integrated security audit) with the previously predicted area of the parameter space. Such a way to increase the accuracy of determining the state of a dynamic system in the space of its parameters can be called dynamic recurrent correction method. It is possible to use this method if the comprehensive security audit frequency is significantly higher than the frequency of monitoring changes in the dynamics of specific threats to information security. In addition, the data of the audit results and the errors of their receipt must be statistically independent with the results of monitoring changes in the dynamics of specific threats to information security. Improving the accuracy of the state of information security assessment in the space of the parameters of its threats can be used for various applications, including clarification of the communication channels characteristics, increasing the availability and efficiency of the telecommunications network, if it is an object of protection.

Fog computing is a new distributed computing paradigm that extends the cloud to the network edge. Fog computing aims at improving quality of service, data access, networking, computation and storage. However, the security and privacy issues persist, even if many cloud solutions were proposed. Indeed, Fog computing introduces new challenges in terms of security and privacy, due to its specific features such as mobility, geo-distribution and heterogeneity etc. Blockchain is an emergent concept bringing efficiency in many fields. In this paper, we propose a new access control scheme based on blockchain technology for the fog computing with fault tolerance in the context of the Internet of Things. Blockchain is used to provide secure management authentication and access process to IoT devices. Each network entity authenticates in the blockchain via the wallet, which allows a secure communication in decentralized environment, hence it achieves the security objectives. In addition, we propose to establish a secure connection between the users and the IoT devices, if their attributes satisfy the policy stored in the blockchain by smart contract. We also address the blockchain transparency problem by the encryption of the users attributes both in the policy and in the request. An authorization token is generated if the encrypted attributes are identical. Moreover, our proposition offers higher scalability, availability and fault tolerance in Fog nodes due to the implementation of load balancing through the Min-Min algorithm.

Enterprises round the globe have been searching for a way to securely empower AndroidTM devices for work but have spurned away from the Android platform due to ongoing fragmentation and security concerns. Discrepant vulnerabilities have been reported in Android smartphones since Android Lollipop release. Smartphones can be easily hacked by installing a malicious application, visiting an infectious browser, receiving a crafted MMS, interplaying with plug-ins, certificate forging, checksum collisions, inter-process communication (IPC) abuse and much more. To highlight this issue a manual analysis of Android vulnerabilities is performed, by using data available in National Vulnerability Database NVD and Android Vulnerability website. This paper includes the vulnerabilities that risked the dual persona support in Android 5 and above, till Dec 2017. In our security threat analysis, we have identified a comprehensive list of Android vulnerabilities, vulnerable Android versions, manufacturers, and information regarding complete and partial patches released. So far, there is no published research work that systematically presents all the vulnerabilities and vulnerability assessment for dual persona feature of Android's smartphone. The data provided in this paper will open ways to future research and present a better Android security model for dual persona.

Self-adaptive systems overcome many of the limitations of human supervision in complex software-intensive systems by endowing them with the ability to automatically adapt their structure and behavior in the presence of runtime changes. However, adaptation in some classes of systems (e.g., safetycritical) can benefit by receiving information from humans (e.g., acting as sophisticated sensors, decision-makers), or by involving them as system-level effectors to execute adaptations (e.g., when automation is not possible, or as a fallback mechanism). However, human participants are influenced by factors external to the system (e.g., training level, fatigue) that affect the likelihood of success when they perform a task, its duration, or even if they are willing to perform it in the first place. Without careful consideration of these factors, it is unclear how to decide when to involve humans in adaptation, and in which way. In this paper, we investigate how the explicit modeling of human participants can provide a better insight into the trade-offs of involving humans in adaptation. We contribute a formal framework to reason about human involvement in self-adaptation, focusing on the role of human participants as actors (i.e., effectors) during the execution stage of adaptation. The approach consists of: (i) a language to express adaptation models that capture factors affecting human behavior and its interactions with the system, and (ii) a formalization of these adaptation models as stochastic multiplayer games (SMGs) that can be used to analyze humansystem-environment interactions. We illustrate our approach in an adaptive industrial middleware used to monitor and manage sensor networks in renewable energy production plants.

The ever-growing threats of cascading failures due to cyber-attacks pose a significant challenge to power grid security. A wrong system state estimate caused by a false data injection attack could lead to a wrong control actions and take the system into a more insecure operating condition. As a consequence, an attack-resilient failure mitigation strategy needs to be developed to correctly determine control actions to prevent the propagation of cascades. In this paper, a recovery-based model predictive control methodology is developed to eliminate power system component violations following coordinated cyber-physical attacks where physical attacks are masked by targeted false data injection attacks. Specifically, to address the problem of wrong system state estimation with compromised data, a developed methodology recovers the incorrect states from historical data rather than utilizing the tampered data, and thus allowing control centers to identify proper control actions. Additionally, instead of using a one-step method to optimize control actions, the recovery-based model predictive control methodology scheme incorporates the effect of controls over a finite time horizon and the attack detection delay to make appropriate control decisions. Case studies, performed on IEEE 30-bus and Illinois 200-bus systems, show that the developed recovery-based model predictive control methodology scheme is robust to coordinated attacks and efficient in mitigating cascades.

Energy Internet is a typical cyber-physical system (CPS), in which the disturbance on cyber part may result in the operation risks on the physical part. In order to perform CPS assessment and research the interactive influence between cyber part and physical part, an integrated energy internet CPS model which adopts information flow matrix, energy control flow matrix and information energy hybrid flow matrix is proposed in this paper. The proposed model has a higher computational efficacy compared with simulation based approaches. Then, based on the proposed model, the influence of cyber disturbances such as data dislocation, data delay and data error on the physical part are studied. Finally, a 3 MW PET based energy internet CPS is built using PSCAD/EMTDC software. The simulation results prove the validity of the proposed model and the correctness of the interactive influence analysis.

The security of wireless network devices has received widespread attention, but most existing schemes cannot achieve fine-grained device identification. In practice, the security vulnerabilities of a device are heavily depending on its model and firmware version. Motivated by this issue, we propose a universal, extensible and device-independent framework called SCAFFISD, which can provide fine-grained identification of wireless routers. It can generate access rules to extract effective information from the router admin page automatically and perform quick scans for known device vulnerabilities. Meanwhile, SCAFFISD can identify rogue access points (APs) in combination with existing detection methods, with the purpose of performing a comprehensive security assessment of wireless networks. We implement the prototype of SCAFFISD and verify its effectiveness through security scans of actual products.