Biblio

The current global Internet USES the TCP/IP protocol cluster, the current version is IPv4. The IPv4 is with 32-bit addresses, the maximum number of computers connected to the Internet in the world is 232. With the development of Internet of things, big data and cloud storage and other technologies, the limited address space defined by IPv4 has been exhausted. To expand the address space, the IETF designed the next generation IPv6 to replace IPv4. IPv6 using a 128-bit address length that provides almost unlimited addresses. However, with the development and application of the Internet of things, big data and cloud storage, IPv6 has some shortcomings in its addressing structure design; security and network compatibility, These technologies are gradually applied in recent years, the continuous development of new technologies application show that the IPv6 address structure design ideas have some fatal defects. This paper proposed a route to upgrade the original IPv4 by studying on the structure of IPv6 "spliced address", and point out the defects in the design of IPv6 interface ID and the potential problems such as security holes.

Firstly, this paper analyses the technical foundation of single sign-on solution of unified authentication platform, and analyses the advantages and disadvantages of each solution. Secondly, from the point of view of software engineering, such as function requirement, performance requirement, development mode, architecture scheme, technology development framework and system configuration environment of the unified authentication platform, the unified authentication platform is analyzed and designed, and the database design and system design framework of the system are put forward according to the system requirements. Thirdly, the idea and technology of unified authentication platform based on JA-SIG CAS are discussed, and the design and implementation of each module of unified authentication platform based on JA-SIG CAS are analyzed, which has been applied in ship cluster platform.

This paper surveys a review of Internet of Things (IoT) protocols, Service oriented Middleware in IoT. The modern development of IoT, expected to create many divorce application in health care without human intervention. Various protocols are involved in the applications development. Researchers are doing research for desirable protocol with all functionalities. Middleware for an IoT provides interoperability between the devices or applications. The engineering of an IoT dependent on Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), it operates as middleware. We survey the existing SOA based IoT middleware and its functionalities.

In this paper, we propose a game-attack graph-based risk assessment model for industrial Internet system. Firstly, use non-destructive asset profiling to scan components and devices included in the system and their open services and communication protocols. Further compare the CNVD and CVE to find the vulnerability through the search engine keyword segment matching method, and generate an asset threat list. Secondly, build the attack rule base based on the network information, and model the system using the attribute attack graph. Thirdly, combine the game theory with the idea of the established model. Finally, optimize and quantify the analysis to get the best attack path and the best defense strategy.

In practical wireless communication systems, the channel conditions of legitimate users can not always be better than those of eavesdroppers. This realistic fact brings the challenge for the design of secure transmission over wiretap channels which requires that the eavesdropping channel conditions should be worse than legitimate channels. In this paper, we present a robust chaos-based information masking polar coding scheme for enhancing reliability and security performances under realistic channel conditions for practical systems. In our design, we mask the original information, wherein the masking matrix is determined by chaotic sequences. Then the masked information is encoded by the secure polar coding scheme. After the channel polarization achieved by the polar coding, we could identify the bit-channels providing good transmission conditions for legitimate users and the bit-channels with bad conditions for eavesdroppers. Simulations are performed over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and slow flat-fading Rayleigh channels. The results demonstrate that compared with existing schemes, the proposed scheme can achieve better reliability and security even when the eavesdroppers have better channel conditions than legitimate users, hence the practicability is greatly enhanced.

The cybersecurity of the modern control system is becoming a critical issue to the cyber-physical systems (CPS). Mitigating potential cyberattacks in the control system is an important concern in the controller design to enhance the resilience of the overall system. This paper presents a novel robust control architecture for the PV converter system to mitigate the sensor and actuator attack and reduce the influence of the system uncertainty. The sensor and actuator attack is a vicious attack scenario when the attack signals are injected into the sensor and actuator in a CPS simultaneously. A p-synthesis robust control architecture is proposed to mitigate the sensor and actuator attack and limit the system uncertainty perturbations in a DC-DC photovoltaic (PV) converter. A new system state matrix and control architecture is presented by integrating the original system state, injected attack signals and system uncertainty perturbations. In the case study, the proposed μ-synthesis robust controller exhibits a robust performance in the face of the sensor and actuator attack.

Device attestation is a procedure to verify whether an embedded device is running the intended application code. This way, protection against both physical attacks and remote attacks on the embedded software is aimed for. With the wide adoption of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays or FPGAs, hardware also became configurable, and hence susceptible to attacks (just like software). In addition, an upcoming trend for hardware-based attestation is the use of configurable FPGA hardware. Therefore, in order to attest a whole system that makes use of FPGAs, the status of both the software and the hardware needs to be verified, without the availability of a tamper-resistant hardware module.In this paper, we propose a solution in which a prover core on the FPGA performs an attestation of the entire FPGA, including a self-attestation. This way, the FPGA can be used as a tamper-resistant hardware module to perform hardware-based attestation of a processor, resulting in a protection of the entire hardware/software system against malicious code updates.

We propose a time-adaptive sampling method and demonstrate a sampling-time-adaptive single-photon compressive imaging system. In order to achieve self-adapting adjustment of sampling time, the theory of threshold of light intensity estimation accuracy is deduced. According to this threshold, a sampling control module, based on field-programmable gate array, is developed. Finally, the advantage of the time-adaptive sampling method is proved experimentally. Imaging performance experiments show that the time-adaptive sampling method can automatically adjust the sampling time for the change of light intensity of image object to obtain an image with better quality and avoid speculative selection of sampling time.

The Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) has gained significant interest from both the research and industry communities. Such interest came with a vision towards enabling automation and intelligence for futuristic versions of our day to day devices. However, such a vision demands the need for accelerated research and development of IIoT systems, in which sensor integration, due to their diversity, impose a significant roadblock. Such roadblocks are embodied in both the cost and time to develop an IIoT platform, imposing limits on the innovation of sensor manufacturers, as a result of the demand to maintain interface compatibility for seamless integration and low development costs. In this paper, we propose an IIoT system architecture (SandBoxer) tailored for sensor integration, that utilizes a collaborative set of efforts from various technologies and research fields. The paper introduces the concept of ”development-sandboxing” as a viable choice towards building the foundation for enabling true-plug-and-play IIoT. We start by outlining the key characteristics desired to create an architecture that catalyzes IIoT research and development. We then present our vision of the architecture through the use of a sensor-hosted EEPROM and scripting to ”sandbox” the sensors, which in turn accelerates sensor integration for developers and creates a broader innovation path for sensor manufacturers. We also discuss multiple design alternative, challenges, and use cases in both the research and industry.

Responding to network security incidents requires interference with ongoing attacks to restore the security of services running on production systems. This approach prevents damage, but drastically impedes the collection of threat intelligence and the analysis of vulnerabilities, exploits, and attack strategies. We propose the live confinement of suspicious microservices into a sandbox network that allows to monitor and analyze ongoing attacks under quarantine and that retains an image of the vulnerable and open production network. A successful sandboxing requires that it happens completely transparent to and cannot be detected by an attacker. Therefore, we introduce a novel metric to measure the Quality of Deception (QoD) and use it to evaluate three proposed network deception mechanisms. Our evaluation results indicate that in our evaluation scenario in best case, an optimal QoD is achieved. In worst case, only a small downtime of approx. 3s per microservice (MS) occurs and thus a momentary drop in QoD to 70.26% before it converges back to optimum as the quarantined services are restored.

The elusive science of security. Science advances when research results build upon prior findings through the evolution of hypotheses and theories about the fundamental relationships among variables within a context and considering the threats and limitations of the work. Some hypothesize that, through this science of security, the industry can take a more principled and systematic approach to securing systems, rather than reacting to the latest move by attackers. Others debate the utility of a science of security.

Malicious scripts are an important computer infection threat vector for computer users. For internet-scale processing, static analysis offers substantial computing efficiencies. We propose the ScriptNet system for neural malicious JavaScript detection which is based on static analysis. We also propose a novel deep learning model, Pre-Informant Learning (PIL), which processes Javascript files as byte sequences. Lower layers capture the sequential nature of these byte sequences while higher layers classify the resulting embedding as malicious or benign. Unlike previously proposed solutions, our model variants are trained in an end-to-end fashion allowing discriminative training even for the sequential processing layers. Evaluating this model on a large corpus of 212,408 JavaScript files indicates that the best performing PIL model offers a 98.10% true positive rate (TPR) for the first 60K byte subsequences and 81.66% for the full-length files, at a false positive rate (FPR) of 0.50%. Both models significantly outperform several baseline models. The best performing PIL model can successfully detect 92.02% of unknown malware samples in a hindsight experiment where the true labels of the malicious JavaScript files were not known when the model was trained.

The emergence of IPv6 protocol extends the address pool, but it also exposes all the Internet-connected devices to danger. Currently, there are some traditional schemes on security management of network addresses, such as prevention, traceability and encryption authentication, but few studies work on IPv6 protocol. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical authentication mechanism for the IPv6 source address with the technology of software defined network (SDN). This mechanism combines the authentication of three parts, namely the access network, the intra-domain and the inter-domain. And it can provide a fine-grained security protection for the devices using IPv6 addresses.

Nowadays, with the diversification and decentralization of energy systems, the energy Internet makes it possible to interconnect distributed energy sources and consumers. In the energy trading market, the traditional centralized model relies entirely on trusted third parties. However, as the number of entities involved in the transactions grows and the forms of transactions diversify, the centralized model gradually exposes problems such as insufficient scalability, High energy consumption, and low processing efficiency. To address these challenges, we propose a secure and efficient energy renewable trading scheme based on blockchain. In our scheme, the electricity market trading model is divided into two levels, which can not only protect the privacy, but also achieve a green computing. In addition, in order to adapt to the relatively weak computing power of the underlying equipment in smart grid, we design a credibility-based equity proof mechanism to greatly improve the system availability. Compared with other similar distributed energy trading schemes, we prove the advantages of our scheme in terms of high operational efficiency and low computational overhead through experimental evaluations. Additionally, we conduct a detailed security analysis to demonstrate that our solution meets the security requirements.

More and more industrial devices are expected to connect to the internet seamlessly. IPv6-based industrial wireless network can solve the address resources limitation problem. It is a challenge about how to ensure the wireless node join security after introducing the IPv6. In this paper, we propose a multiple nodes join mechanism, which includes a timeslot allocation method and secure join process for the IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4e network. The timeslot allocation method is designed in order to configure communication resources in the join process for the new nodes. The test platform is implemented to verify the feasibility of the mechanism. The result shows that the proposed mechanism can reduce the communication cost for multiple nodes join process and improve the efficiency.

Great numbers of embedded devices are performing safety critical operations, which means it is very important to keep them operating without interference. Update is the weak point that could be exploited by potential attackers to gain access to the system, sabotage it or to simply steal someone else's intellectual property. This paper presents an implementation of secure update process for embedded systems which prevents man-in-the-middle attacks. By using a combination of hash functions, symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms it demonstrates how to achieve integrity, authenticity and confidentiality of the update package that is sent to the target hardware. It covers implementation starting from key exchange, next explaining update package encryption process and then decryption on the target hardware. It does not go into a detail about specific encryption algorithms that could be used. It presents a generalized model for secure update that could be adjusted to specific needs.

A trademark may be a word, phrase, symbol, sound, color, scent or design, or combination of these, that identifies and distinguishes the products or services of a particular source from those of others. Obtaining a trademark is a complex, time intensive and costly process that involves varied steps before the trademark can be registered including searching prior trademarks, filing of the trademark application, review of the trademark application and final publication for opposition by the public. Currently, the process of trademark registration, renewal and validation faces numerous challenges such as the requirement for registration in different jurisdictions, maintenance of centralized databases in different jurisdictions, proving the authenticity of the physical trademark documents, identifying the violation and abuse of the intellectual property etc. to name a few. Recently, blockchain technology has shown great potential in a variety of industries such as finance, education, energy and resource management, healthcare, due to its decentralization and non-tampering features. Furthermore, in the recent years, smart contracts have attracted increased attention due to the popularity of blockchains. In this study, we have utilized Hyperledger fabric as the permissioned blockchain framework along with smart contracts to provide solution to the financial, procedural, enforcement and protection related challenges of the current trademark system. Our blockchain based application seeks to provide a secure, decentralized, immutable trademark system that can be utilized by the intellectual property organizations across different jurisdictions for easily and effectively registering, renewing, validating and distributing digital trademark certificates.

OpenFlow has been the main standard protocol of software defined networking (SDN) since the launch of this new networking paradigm. It is a programmable network protocol that controls traffic flows among switches and routers regardless of their platforms. Its security relies on the optional implementation of Transport Layer Security (TLS) which has been proven vulnerable. The aim of this research was to develop a secured OpenFlow, so-called Secured-OF. A stateful firewall was used to store state information for further analysis. Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) was used to learn denial-of-service attack and distributed denial-of-service attack. It analyzes packet states to determine the nature of an attack and adds that piece of information to the flow table entry. The proposed Secured-OF model in Ryu controller was evaluated with several performance metrics. The analytical evaluation of the proposed Secured-OF scheme was performed on an emulated network. The results showed that the proposed Secured-OF scheme offers a high attack detection accuracy at 99.5%. In conclusion, it was able to improve the security of the OpenFlow controller dramatically with trivial performance degradation compared to an SDN with no security implementation.

Spreading code assumes an indispensable work in WCDMA system. Every individual client in a cell is isolated by an exceptional spread code. PN grouping are commonly utilized in WCDMA framework. For example, Walsh codes or gold codes as spread code. Data received from WCDMA are transmitted using chaotic signal and that signal is generated by using logistic map. It is unsuitable to be utilized as spreading sequence. Using a threshold function the chaos signal is changed in the form of binary sequence. Consequently, QPSK modulation techniques is analyzed in W-CDMA downlink over Additive white Gaussian noise channel (AWGN) and Rayleigh multipath fading channel. The activity was assessed with the assistance of BER contrary to SNR utilizing parameters indicating the BER in low to high in SNR.

A localized electromagnetic (EM) attack is a potent threat to security of embedded cryptographic implementations. The attack utilizes high resolution EM probes to localize and exploit information leakage in sub-circuits of a system, providing information not available in traditional EM and power attacks. In this paper, we propose a countermeasure based on randomizing the assignment of sensitive data to parallel datapath components in a high-performance implementation of AES. In contrast to a conventional design where each state register byte is routed to a fixed S-box, a permutation network, controlled by a transient random value, creates a dynamic random mapping between the state registers and the set of S-boxes. This randomization results in a significant reduction of exploitable leakage.We demonstrate the countermeasure's effectiveness under two attack scenarios: a more powerful attack that assumes a fully controlled access to an attacked implementation for building a priori EM-profiles, and a generic attack based on the black-box model. Spatial randomization leads to a 150× increase of the minimum traces to disclosure (MTD) for the profiled attack and a 3.25× increase of MTD for the black-box model attack.

The requirements regarding network management defined by the continuously rising amount of interconnected devices in the industrial landscape turns it into an increasingly complex task. Associated by the fusion of technologies up to Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) with its multitude of communicating sensors and actuators new demands arise. In particular, the driving forces of this development, mobility and flexibility, are affecting today's networks. However, it is precisely these wireless solutions, as enabler for this advancement, that create new attack vectors and cyber-security threats. Furthermore, many cryptographic procedures, intended to secure the networks, require additional overhead, which is limiting the transmission bandwidth and speed as well. For this reason, new and efficient solutions must be developed and applied, in order to secure the existing, as well as the future, industrial communication networks. This work proposes a conceptual approach, consisting of a combination of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Physical Layer Security (PhySec) to satisfy the network security requirements. Use cases are explained that demonstrate the appropriateness of the approach and it is shown that this is a easy to use and resource efficient, but nevertheless sound and secure approach.

This paper presents a fully automated static analysis approach and a tool, Taint-Things, for the identification of tainted flows in SmartThings IoT apps. Taint-Things accurately identified all tainted flows reported by one of the state-of the-art tools with at least 4 times improved performance. In addition, our approach reports potential vulnerable tainted flow in a form of a concise security slice, which could provide security auditors with an effective and precise tool to pinpoint security issues in SmartThings apps under test.

Smart metering systems have been gaining popularity as a vital part of the general smart grid paradigm. Naturally, as new technologies arise to cover this emerging field, so do security and privacy related issues regarding the energy consumer's personal data. These challenges impose the need for the development of new methods through a better understanding of the state-of-the-art. This paper aims at identifying the main categories of security and privacy techniques utilized in smart metering systems from a three-point perspective: i) a field research survey, ii) EU initiatives and findings towards the same direction and iii) a data-driven analysis of the state-of-the-art and the identification of its main topics (or themes) using topic modeling techniques. Detailed quantitative results of this analysis, such as semantic interpretation of the identified topics and a graph representation of the topic trends over time, are presented.

Live Linux distribution devices can hold Linux operating system for portability. Using such devices and distributions, one can access system or critical files, which otherwise cannot be accessed by guest or any unauthorized user. Events like file leakage before the official announcement. These announcements can vary from mobile companies to software industries. Damages caused by such vulnerabilities can be data theft, data tampering, or permanent deletion of certain records. This study uncovers the security flaws of operating system against live device attacks. For this study, we used live devices with different Linux distributions. Target operating systems are exposed to live device attacks and their behavior is recorded against different Linux distribution. This study also compares the robustness level of different operating system against such attacks.

State-of-the-art security frameworks have been extensively addressing security issues for web resources, agents and services in the Semantic Web. The provision of Stream Reasoning as a new area spanning Semantic Web and Data Stream Management Systems has eventually opened up new challenges. Namely, their decentralized nature, the metadata descriptions, the number of users, agents, and services, makes securing Stream Reasoning systems difficult to handle. Thus, there is an inherent need of developing new security models which will handle security and automate security mechanism to a more autonomous system that supports complex and dynamic relationships between data, clients and service providers. We plan to validate our proposed security model on a typical application of stream data, on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In particular, WSNs for water quality monitoring will serve as a case study. The proposed model can be a guide when deploying and maintaining WSNs in different contexts. Moreover, this model will point out main segments which are most important in ensuring security in semantic stream reasoning systems, and their interrelationships. In this paper we propose a security framework to handle most important issues of security within WSN. The security model in itself should be an incentive for other researchers in creating other models to improve information security within semantic stream reasoning systems.