Biblio

The spread of Deepfakes via social media platforms leads to disinformation and misinformation. There are ways in which the government and social media companies can prevent to prevent Deepfakes.

Ad fraud is becoming more common among websites. Ad fraud can help fraudsters to generate revenue for themselves through fake traffic, fake clicks and fake installs. It can also help the cybercriminals to deploy malware on users' computers.

Psychologist and Principal Research Scientist at Forecepoint, Dr. Margaret Cunningham, conducted a study in which she examined the impacts of six different unconscious human biases on decision-making in cybersecurity. Awareness and understanding surrounding cognitive biases in the realm of cybersecurity should be increased in order to reduce biased decision-making in the performance of activities such as threat analysis and prevent the design of systems that perpetuate biases.

The Knight Foundation performed an analysis on the spread of fake news via Twitter before and after the 2016 U.S. election campaign. Evidence suggests that most accounts used to spread fake or conspiracy news during this time were bots or semi-automated accounts.

Mathematicians revealed a mathematical model of fake news. This model can be used to help lawmakers mitigate the impact of fake news.

Twitter bots played a significant role in the spread of misinformation during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. People often deem messages trustworthy when they appear to be shared by many sources. The research behind this discovery highlights the amplification of misinformation through the use of bots.

The manipulation of social media metadata by bad actors for the purpose of creating more powerful disinformation campaigns was explored. It has been argued that disinformation campaigns can be detected and combatted by understanding data craft.

This article pertains to cognitive security. It's difficult to assess how effective YouTube's policies will be, as the company didn't specify how it plans to identify the offending videos, enforce the new rules, or punish offenders.

MIT researchers conducted a study in which they examined automated fake-news detection systems. The study highlights the need for more research into the effectiveness of fake-news detectors.

Researchers at the University of Michigan developed an algorithm-based system that can identify fake news stories based on linguistic cues. The system was found to be better at finding fakes than humans.

A study done by researchers at Ohio University calls for the improvement of information literacy as it was found that most people do not take time to verify whether information is accurate or not before sharing it on social media. The study uses information literacy factors and a theoretical lens to help develop an understanding of why people share "fake news" on social media.

This article pertains to cognitive security. YouTube is going to remove videos that deny the Holocaust, other "well-documented violent events, and videos that glorify Nazi ideology or that promote groups that claim superiority to others to justify several forms of discrimination.

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) partnered with the Network Contagion Research Institute (NCRI) to examine the ways in which extremism and hate is spread on social media. The partnership is also in support of developing methods for combatting the spread of both.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been used in the generation of deep fakes. However, researchers have shown that AI can be used to fight misinformation.

Experts at Ohio State University suggest that policymakers and diplomats further explore the psychological aspects associated with disinformation campaigns in order to stop the spread of false information on social media platforms by countries. More focus needs to be placed on why people fall for "fake news".

This article pertains to cognitive security. Twitter accounts deployed by Russia's troll factory in 2016 didn't only spread disinformation meant to influence the U.S. presidential election. A small handful tried making money too.

Social media echo chambers in which beliefs are significantly amplified and opposing views are easily blocked can have real-life consequences. Communication between groups should still take place despite differences in views. Blame has been placed on those who seek to profit off ignorance and fear for the growth of echo chambers in relation to the anti-vaccination movement.

An MIT study suggests the use of crowdsourcing to devalue false news stories and misinformation online. Despite differences in political opinions, all groups can agree that fake and hyperpartisan sites are untrustworthy.

There is expected to be a surge in deepfakes during the 2020 presidential campaigns. According to experts, little has been done to prepare for fake videos in which candidates are depicted unfavorably in order to sway public perception.

This article pertains to cognitive security and human behavior. Social media users with ties to Iran are shifting their disinformation efforts by imitating real people, including U.S. congressional candidates.

A U.K.-based global citizen activist organization, called Avaaz, conducted an investigation, which revealed the spread of disinformation within Europe via Facebook ahead of EU elections. According to Avaaz, these pages were found to be posting false and misleading content. These disinformation networks are considered to be weapons as they are significant in size and complexity.

Facebook's response to a altered video of Nancy Pelosi has sparked a debate as to whether social media platforms should take down videos that are considered to be "fake". The definition of "fake" is also discussed.

This article pertains to cognitive security. Microsoft Edge mobile browser will use software called NewsGuard, which will rate sites based on a variety of criteria including their use of deceptive headlines, whether they repeatedly publish false content, and transparency regarding ownership and financing.

This article pertains to cognitive security. To help sort fake news from truth, programmers are building automated systems that judge the veracity of online stories.

This article pertains to cognitive security. False news is becoming a growing problem. During a study, it was found that a crowdsourcing approach could help detect fake news sources.