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2020-12-01
Weigelin, B. C., Mathiesen, M., Nielsen, C., Fischer, K., Nielsen, J..  2018.  Trust in Medical Human-Robot Interactions based on Kinesthetic guidance. 2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). :901—908.

In medical human-robot interactions, trust plays an important role since for patients there may be more at stake than during other kinds of encounters with robots. In the current study, we address issues of trust in the interaction with a prototype of a therapeutic robot, the Universal RoboTrainer, in which the therapist records patient-specific tasks for the patient by means of kinesthetic guidance of the patients arm, which is connected to the robot. We carried out a user study with twelve pairs of participants who collaborate on recording a training program on the robot. We examine a) the degree with which participants identify the situation as uncomfortable or distressing, b) participants' own strategies to mitigate that stress, c) the degree to which the robot is held responsible for the problems occurring and the amount of agency ascribed to it, and d) when usability issues arise, what effect these have on participants' trust. We find signs of distress mostly in contexts with usability issues, as well as many verbal and kinesthetic mitigation strategies intuitively employed by the participants. Recommendations for robots to increase users' trust in kinesthetic interactions include the timely production of verbal cues that continuously confirm that everything is alright as well as increased contingency in the presentation of strategies for recovering from usability issues arising.

Gao, Y., Sibirtseva, E., Castellano, G., Kragic, D..  2019.  Fast Adaptation with Meta-Reinforcement Learning for Trust Modelling in Human-Robot Interaction. 2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). :305—312.

In socially assistive robotics, an important research area is the development of adaptation techniques and their effect on human-robot interaction. We present a meta-learning based policy gradient method for addressing the problem of adaptation in human-robot interaction and also investigate its role as a mechanism for trust modelling. By building an escape room scenario in mixed reality with a robot, we test our hypothesis that bi-directional trust can be influenced by different adaptation algorithms. We found that our proposed model increased the perceived trustworthiness of the robot and influenced the dynamics of gaining human's trust. Additionally, participants evaluated that the robot perceived them as more trustworthy during the interactions with the meta-learning based adaptation compared to the previously studied statistical adaptation model.

Haider, C., Chebotarev, Y., Tsiourti, C., Vincze, M..  2019.  Effects of Task-Dependent Robot Errors on Trust in Human-Robot Interaction: A Pilot Study. 2019 IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence Computing, Advanced Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing Communications, Cloud Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation (SmartWorld/SCALCOM/UIC/ATC/CBDCom/IOP/SCI). :172—177.

The growing diffusion of robotics in our daily life demands a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of trust in human-robot interaction. The performance of a robot is one of the most important factors influencing the trust of a human user. However, it is still unclear whether the circumstances in which a robot fails to affect the user's trust. We investigate how the perception of robot failures may influence the willingness of people to cooperate with the robot by following its instructions in a time-critical task. We conducted an experiment in which participants interacted with a robot that had previously failed in a related or an unrelated task. We hypothesized that users' observed and self-reported trust ratings would be higher in the condition where the robot has previously failed in an unrelated task. A proof-of-concept study with nine participants timidly confirms our hypothesis. At the same time, our results reveal some flaws in the design experimental, and encourage a future large scale study.

Ogawa, R., Park, S., Umemuro, H..  2019.  How Humans Develop Trust in Communication Robots: A Phased Model Based on Interpersonal Trust. 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). :606—607.

The purpose of this study was to propose a model of development of trust in social robots. Insights in interpersonal trust were adopted from social psychology and a novel model was proposed. In addition, this study aimed to investigate the relationship among trust development and self-esteem. To validate the proposed model, an experiment using a communication robot NAO was conducted and changes in categories of trust as well as self-esteem were measured. Results showed that general and category trust have been developed in the early phase. Self-esteem is also increased along the interactions with the robot.

2020-07-03
Abbasi, Milad Haji, Majidi, Babak, Eshghi, Moahmmad, Abbasi, Ebrahim Haji.  2019.  Deep Visual Privacy Preserving for Internet of Robotic Things. 2019 5th Conference on Knowledge Based Engineering and Innovation (KBEI). :292—296.

In the past few years, visual information collection and transmission is increased significantly for various applications. Smart vehicles, service robotic platforms and surveillance cameras for the smart city applications are collecting a large amount of visual data. The preservation of the privacy of people presented in this data is an important factor in storage, processing, sharing and transmission of visual data across the Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT). In this paper, a novel anonymisation method for information security and privacy preservation in visual data in sharing layer of the Web of Robotic Things (WoRT) is proposed. The proposed framework uses deep neural network based semantic segmentation to preserve the privacy in video data base of the access level of the applications and users. The data is anonymised to the applications with lower level access but the applications with higher legal access level can analyze and annotated the complete data. The experimental results show that the proposed method while giving the required access to the authorities for legal applications of smart city surveillance, is capable of preserving the privacy of the people presented in the data.

2020-06-22
Cai, Huili, Liu, Xiaofeng, Cangelosi, Angelo.  2019.  Security of Cloud Intelligent Robot Based on RSA Algorithm and Digital Signature. 2019 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI). :1453–1456.
Considering the security of message exchange between service robot and cloud, we propose to authenticate the message integrity based on RSA algorithm and digital signature. In the process of message transmission, RSA algorithm is used to encrypt message for service robot and decrypt message for cloud. The digital signature algorithm is used to authenticate the source of the message. The results of experiment have proved that the proposed scheme can guarantee the security of message transmission.
2019-09-23
Babu, S., Markose, S..  2018.  IoT Enabled Robots with QR Code Based Localization. 2018 International Conference on Emerging Trends and Innovations In Engineering And Technological Research (ICETIETR). :1–5.

Robots are sophisticated form of IoT devices as they are smart devices that scrutinize sensor data from multiple sources and observe events to decide the best procedural actions to supervise and manoeuvre objects in the physical world. In this paper, localization of the robot is addressed by QR code Detection and path optimization is accomplished by Dijkstras algorithm. The robot can navigate automatically in its environment with sensors and shortest path is computed whenever heading measurements are updated with QR code landmark recognition. The proposed approach highly reduces computational burden and deployment complexity as it reflects the use of artificial intelligence to self-correct its course when required. An Encrypted communication channel is established over wireless local area network using SSHv2 protocol to transfer or receive sensor data(or commands) making it an IoT enabled Robot.

2018-09-12
Yousef, K. M. A., AlMajali, A., Hasan, R., Dweik, W., Mohd, B..  2017.  Security risk assessment of the PeopleBot mobile robot research platform. 2017 International Conference on Electrical and Computing Technologies and Applications (ICECTA). :1–5.

Nowadays, robots are widely ubiquitous and integral part in our daily lives, which can be seen almost everywhere in industry, hospitals, military, etc. To provide remote access and control, usually robots are connected to local network or to the Internet through WiFi or Ethernet. As such, it is of great importance and of a critical mission to maintain the safety and the security access of such robots. Security threats may result in completely preventing the access and control of the robot. The consequences of this may be catastrophic and may cause an immediate physical damage to the robot. This paper aims to present a security risk assessment of the well-known PeopleBot; a mobile robot platform from Adept MobileRobots Company. Initially, we thoroughly examined security threats related to remote accessing the PeopleBot robot. We conducted an impact-oriented analysis approach on the wireless communication medium; the main method considered to remotely access the PeopleBot robot. Numerous experiments using SSH and server-client applications were conducted, and they demonstrated that certain attacks result in denying remote access service to the PeopleBot robot. Consequently and dangerously the robot becomes unavailable. Finally, we suggested one possible mitigation and provided useful conclusions to raise awareness of possible security threats on the robotic systems; especially when the robots are involved in critical missions or applications.

2018-02-02
Mirkhanzadeh, B., Shao, C., Shakeri, A., Sato, T., Razo-Razo, M., Tacca, M., Fumagalli, A., Yamanaka, N..  2017.  A two-layer network Orchestrator offering trustworthy connectivity to a ROS-industrial application. 2017 19th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON). :1–4.

This paper describes an experiment carried out to demonstrate robustness and trustworthiness of an orchestrated two-layer network test-bed (PROnet). A Robotic Operating System Industrial (ROS-I) distributed application makes use of end-to-end flow services offered by PROnet. The PROnet Orchestrator is used to provision reliable end-to-end Ethernet flows to support the ROS-I application required data exchange. For maximum reliability, the Orchestrator provisions network resource redundancy at both layers, i.e., Ethernet and optical. Experimental results show that the robotic application is not interrupted by a fiber outage.