Biblio

The analysis shows how important Power Network Measuring and Characterization (PSMC) is to the plan. Networks planning and oversight for the transmission of electrical energy is becoming increasingly frequent. In reaction to the current contest of assimilating trying to cut charging in the crate, estimation, information sharing, but rather govern into PSMC reasonable quantities, Electrical Transmit Monitoring and Management provides a thorough outline of founding principles together with smart sensors for domestic spying, security precautions, and control of developed broadening power systems.Electricity supply control must depend increasingly heavily on telecommunications infrastructure to manage and run their processes because of the fluctuation in transmission and distribution of electricity. A wider attack surface will also be available to threat hackers as a result of the more communications. Large-scale blackout have occurred in the past as a consequence of cyberattacks on electrical networks. In order to pinpoint the key issues influencing power grid computer networks, we looked at the network infrastructure supporting electricity grids in this research.

Roads are the backbone of our country, they play an important role for human progress. Roads seem to be dangerous and harmful for human beings on hills, near rivers, lakes and small ridges. It's possible with the help of IoT (Internet of things) to incorporate all the things made efficiently and effectively. IoT in combination with roads make daily life smart and excellent. This paper shows IoT technology will be the beginning of smart cities and it will reduce road accidents and collisions. If all vehicles are IoT based and connected with the internet, then an efficient method to guide, it performs urgent action, when less time is available. Internet and antenna technology in combination with IoT perform fully automation in our day-to-day life. It will provide excellent service as well as accuracy and precision.

The fast-evolving Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are crucial in the 21st century, promising answers to congestion and accidents that bother people worldwide. ITS applications such as Connected and Autonomous Vehicle (CAVs) update and broadcasts road incident event messages, and this requires significant data to be transmitted between vehicles for a decision to be made in real-time. However, broadcasting trusted incident messages such as accident alerts between vehicles pose a challenge for CAVs. Most of the existing-trust solutions are based on the vehicle's direct interaction base reputation and the psychological approaches to evaluate the trustworthiness of the received messages. This paper provides a scheme for improving trust in the received incident alert messages for real-time decision-making to detect malicious alerts between CAVs using direct and indirect interactions. This paper applies artificial intelligence and statistical data classification for decision-making on the received messages. The model is trained based on the US Department of Technology Safety Pilot Deployment Model (SPMD). An Autonomous Decision-making Trust Scheme (ADmTS) that incorporates a machine learning algorithm and a local trust manager for decision-making has been developed. The experiment showed that the trained model could make correct predictions such as 98% and 0.55% standard deviation accuracy in predicting false alerts on the 25% malicious data

Intelligent connected vehicle platoon technology can reduce traffic congestion and vehicle fuel. However, attacks on the data transmitted by the platoon are one of the primary challenges encountered by the platoon during its travels. The false data injection (FDI) attack can lead to road congestion and even vehicle collisions, which can impact the platoon. However, the complexity of the cellular - vehicle to everything (C-V2X) environment, the single source of the message and the poor data processing capability of the on board unit (OBU) make the traditional detection methods’ success rate and response time poor. This study proposes a platoon state information fusion method using the communication characteristics of the platoon in C-V2X and proposes a novel platoon intrusion detection model based on this fusion method combined with sequential importance sampling (SIS). The SIS is a measured strategy of Monte Carlo integration sampling. Specifically, the method takes the status information of the platoon members as the predicted value input. It uses the leader vehicle status information as the posterior probability of the observed value to the current moment of the platoon members. The posterior probabilities of the platoon members and the weights of the platoon members at the last moment are used as input to update the weights of the platoon members at the current moment and obtain the desired platoon status information at the present moment. Moreover, it compares the status information of the platoon members with the desired status information to detect attacks on the platoon. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by simulation.

Technological innovations are expanding rapidly in the public safety sector providing opportunities for more targeted and comprehensive urban crime deterrence and detection. Yet, the spatial dispersion of crimes may vary over time. Therefore, it is unclear whether and how sensors can optimally impact crime rates. We developed a Smart City Digital Twin-based method to dynamically place license plate reader (LPR) sensors and improve their detection and deterrence performance. Utilizing continuously updated crime records, the convolutional long short-term memory algorithm predicted areas crimes were most likely to occur. Then, a Monte Carlo traffic simulation simulated suspect vehicle movements to determine the most likely routes to flee crime scenes. Dynamic LPR placement predictions were made weekly, capturing the spatiotemporal variation in crimes and enhancing LPR performance relative to static placement. We tested the proposed method in Warner Robins, GA, and results support the method's promise in detecting and deterring crime.

Cities are becoming increasingly smart as the Internet of Things (IoT) proliferates. With IoT devices interconnected, smart cities can offer novel and ubiquitous services as well as automate many of our daily lives (e.g., smart health, smart home). The abundance in the number of IoT devices leads to divergent types of security threats as well. One of such important attacks is the Distributed Denial of Service attack(DDoS). DDoS attacks have become increasingly common in the internet of things because of the rapid growth of insecure devices. These attacks slow down legitimate network requests. Although DDoS attacks were first reported in 1996, the sophistication of these attacks has increased significantly. In mid-August 2020, a 2 Terabytes per second(TBps) attack targeting critical infrastructure, such as finance, was reported. In the next two years, it is predicted that this number will double to 15 million attacks. Blockchain technology, whose development dates back to the advent of the internet, has become one of the most important advancements to come along since that time. Several applications can use this technology to secure exchanges. Using blockchain to mitigate DDoS attacks is discussed in this survey paper in diverse domains to date. Its purpose is to expose the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of the different approaches to DDoS mitigation. As a research and development platform for DDoS mitigation, this paper will act as a central hub for a more comprehensive understanding of these approaches.

Modern vehicles have multiple electronic control units (ECUs) that are connected together as part of a complex distributed cyber-physical system (CPS). The ever-increasing communication between ECUs and external electronic systems has made these vehicles particularly susceptible to a variety of cyber-attacks. In this work, we present a novel anomaly detection framework called TENET to detect anomalies induced by cyber-attacks on vehicles. TENET uses temporal convolutional neural networks with an integrated attention mechanism to learn the dependency between messages traversing the in-vehicle network. Post deployment in a vehicle, TENET employs a robust quantitative metric and classifier, together with the learned dependencies, to detect anomalous patterns. TENET is able to achieve an improvement of 32.70% in False Negative Rate, 19.14% in the Mathews Correlation Coefficient, and 17.25% in the ROC-AUC metric, with 94.62% fewer model parameters, and 48.14% lower inference time compared to the best performing prior works on automotive anomaly detection.

The Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) performs the rapid expansion of connected devices. This massive number of devices is constantly generating a massive and near-real-time data stream for numerous applications, which is known as big data. Analyzing such big data to find, predict, and control decisions is a critical solution for IoVs to enhance service quality and experience. Thus, the main goal of this paper is to study the impact of big data analytics on traffic prediction in IoVs. In which we have used big data analytics steps to predict the traffic flow, and based on different deep neural models such as LSTM, CNN-LSTM, and GRU. The models are validated using evaluation metrics, MAE, MSE, RMSE, and R2. Hence, a case study based on a real-world road is used to implement and test the efficiency of the traffic prediction models.

Acoustic communication is a key enabler for underwater Internet of Things networks between autonomous underwater platforms. Underwater Internet of Things networks face a harsh communications environment and limited energy resources which makes them susceptible to interference, whether intentional (i.e., jamming) or unintentional. Resilient, power efficient waveforms and modulation schemes are needed for underwater acoustic communications in order to avoid outages and excessive power drain. We explore the impact of modulation scheme on the resiliency of underwater acoustic communications in the presence of channel impairments, interference, and jamming. In particular, we consider BFSK and OFDM schemes for underwater acoustic communications and assess the utility of Polar coding for strengthening resiliency.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are capable of making driving decisions autonomously using multiple sensors and a complex autonomous driving (AD) software. However, AVs introduce numerous unique security challenges that have the potential to create safety consequences on the road. Security mechanisms require a benchmark suite and an evaluation framework to generate comparable results. Unfortunately, AVs lack a proper benchmarking framework to evaluate the attack and defense mechanisms and quantify the safety measures. This paper introduces BenchAV – a security benchmark suite and evaluation framework for AVs to address current limitations and pressing challenges of AD security. The benchmark suite contains 12 security and performance metrics, and an evaluation framework that automates the metric collection process using Carla simulator and Robot Operating System (ROS).

The vehicular networks extend the internet services to road edge. They allow users to stay connected offering them a set of safety and infotainment services like weather forecasts and road conditions. The security and privacy are essential issues in computing systems and networks. They are particularly important in vehicular networks due to their direct impact on the users’ safety on road. Various researchers have concentrated their efforts on resolving these two issues in vehicular networks. A great number of researches are found in literature and with still existing open issues and security risks to be solved, the research is continuous in this area. However, the researchers may face some difficulties in choosing the correct method to prove their works or to illustrate their excellency in comparison with existing solutions. In this paper, we review a set of evaluation methodologies and metrics to measure, proof or analyze privacy and security solutions. The aim of this review is to illuminate the readers about the possible existing methods to help them choose the correct techniques to use and reduce their difficulties.

While vehicle-to-everything communication technology enables information sharing and cooperative control for vehicles, it also poses a significant threat to the vehicles' driving security owing to cyber-attacks. In particular, Sybil malicious attacks hidden in the vehicle broadcast information flow are challenging to detect, thereby becoming an urgent issue requiring attention. Several researchers have considered this problem and proposed different detection schemes. However, the detection performance of existing schemes based on plausibility checks and neighboring observers is affected by the traffic and attacker densities. In this study, we propose a malicious attack detection scheme based on traffic-flow information fusion, which enables the detection of Sybil attacks without neighboring observer nodes. Our solution is based on the basic safety message, which is broadcast by vehicles periodically. It first constructs the basic features of traffic flow to reflect the traffic state, subsequently fuses it with the road detector information to add the road fusion features, and then classifies them using machine learning algorithms to identify malicious attacks. The experimental results demonstrate that our scheme achieves the detection of Sybil attacks with an accuracy greater than 90 % at different traffic and attacker densities. Our solutions provide security for achieving a usable vehicle communication network.

In this paper, we proposed a path planning algorithm based on Q-learning model to simulate an environment model, which is suitable for the complex environment. A virtual simulation platform has been built to complete the experiments. The experimental results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper can be effectively applied to the solution of vehicle routing problems in the complex environment.

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a subcategory of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) that allows vehicles to communicate with other vehicles and static roadside infrastructure. However, the integration of cyber and physical systems introduce many possible points of attack that make VANET vulnerable to cyber attacks. In this paper, we implemented a machine learning-based intrusion detection system that identifies False Data Injection (FDI) attacks on a vehicular network. A co-simulation framework between MATLAB and NS-3 is used to simulate the system. The intrusion detection system is installed in every vehicle and processes the information obtained from the packets sent by other vehicles. The packet is classified into either trusted or malicious using Support Vector Machines (SVM). The comparison of the performance of the system is evaluated in different scenarios using the following metrics: classification rate, attack detection rate, false positive rate, and detection speed. Simulation results show that the SVM-based IDS is able to provide high accuracy detection, low false positive rate, consequently improving the traffic congestion in the simulated highway.

Traffic Signal Control using Reinforcement Learning has been proved to have potential in alleviating traffic congestion in urban areas. Although research has been conducted in this field, it is still an open challenge to find an effective but low-cost solution to this problem. This paper presents multiple deep reinforcement learning-based traffic signal control systems that can help regulate the flow of traffic at intersections and then compares the results. The proposed systems are coupled with SUMO (Simulation of Urban MObility), an agent-based simulator that provides a realistic environment to explore the outcomes of the models.

This paper is devoted to boundary control design for urban traffic described on a macroscopic scale. The state corresponds to vehicle density that evolves on a continuum two-dimensional domain that represents a continuous approximation of a urban network. Its parameters are interpolated as a function of distance to physical roads. The dynamics are governed by a new macroscopic multi-directional traffic model that encompasses a system of four coupled partial differential equations (PDE) each describing density evolution in one direction layer: North, East, West and South (NEWS). We analyse the class of desired states that the density governed by NEWS model can achieve. Then a boundary control is designed to drive congested traffic to an equilibrium with the minimal congestion level. The result is validated numerically using the real structure of Grenoble downtown (a city in France).

Frequently emergency services are required nationally and globally, in Mexico during 2020 of the 16,22,879 calls made to 911, statistics reveal that 58.43% were about security, 16.57% assistance, 13.49% medical, 6.29% civil protection, among others. However, the constant traffic of cities generates delays in the time of arrival to medical, military or civil protection services, wasting time that can be critical in an emergency. The objective is to create a connection between the road infrastructure (traffic lights) and emergency vehicles to reduce waiting time as a vehicle on a mission passes through a traffic light with Controller Area Network CAN controller to modify the color and give way to the emergency vehicle that will send signals to the traffic light controller through a controller located in the car. For this, the Controller Area Network Flexible Data (CAN-FD) controllers will be used in traffic lights since it is capable of synchronizing data in the same bus or cable to avoid that two messages arrive at the same time, which could end in car accidents if they are not it respects a hierarchy and the CANblue ll controller that wirelessly connects devices (vehicle and traffic light) at a speed of 1 Mbit / s to avoid delays in data exchange taking into account the high speeds that a car can acquire. It is intended to use the CAN controller for the development of improvements in response times in high-speed data exchange in cities with high traffic flow. As a result of the use of CAN controllers, a better data flow and interconnection is obtained.

As modern vehicles are complex IoT devices with intelligence capable to connect to an external infrastructure and use Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication, there is a need to secure the communication to avoid being a target for cyber-attacks. Also, the organs of the car (sensors, communication, and control) each could have a vulnerability, that leads to accidents or potential deaths. Manufactures of cars have a huge responsibility to secure the safety of their costumers and should not skip the important security research, instead making sure to implement important security measures, which makes your car less likely to be attacked. This paper covers the relevant attacks and threats to modern vehicles and presents a security analysis with potential countermeasures. We discuss the future of modern and autonomous vehicles and conclude that more countermeasures must be taken to create a future and safe concept.

The Internet of vehicles is emerging as an exciting application to improve safety and providing better services in the form of active road signs, pay-as-you-go insurance, electronic toll, and fleet management. Internet connected vehicles are exposed to new attack vectors in the form of cyber threats and with the increasing trend of cyber attacks, the success of autonomous vehicles depends on their security. Existing techniques for IoV security are based on the un-realistic assumption that all the vehicles are equipped with the same hardware (at least in terms of computational capabilities). However, the hardware platforms used by various vehicle manufacturers are highly heterogeneous. Therefore, a security protocol designed for IoVs should be able to detect the computational capabilities of the underlying platform and adjust the security primitives accordingly. To solve this issue, this paper presents a technique for algorithm-hardware separation for IoV security. The proposed technique uses an iterative routine and the corresponding execution time to detect the computational capabilities of a hardware platform using an artificial intelligence based inference engine. The results on three different commonly used micro-controllers show that the proposed technique can effectively detect the type of hardware platform with up to 100% accuracy.

Modern vehicles equipped with a large number of electronic components, sensors, actuators, and extensive connectivity, are the classical example of cyber-physical systems (CPS). Communication as an integral part of the CPS has enabled and offered many value-added services for vehicular networks. The communication mechanism helps to share contents with all vehicular network nodes and the surrounding environment, e.g., vehicles, traffic lights, and smart road signs, to efficiently take informed and smart decisions. Thus, it opens the doors to many security threats and vulnerabilities. Traditional TCP/IP-based communication paradigm focuses on securing the communication channel instead of the contents that travel through the network. Nevertheless, for content-centered application, content security is more important than communication channel security. To this end, named data networking (NDN) is one of the future Internet architectures that puts the contents at the center of communication and offers embedded content security. In this paper, we first identify the cyberattacks and security challenges faced by the vehicular CPS (VCPS). Next, we propose the NDN-based cyber-resilient, the layered and modular architecture for VCPS. The architecture includes the NDN's forwarding daemon, threat aversion, detection, and resilience components. A detailed discussion about the functionality of each component is also presented. Furthermore, we discuss the future challenges faced by the integration of NDN with VCPS to realize NDN-based VCPS.

With the advent of motorization, result in traffic system more congested, how to make the traffic system more effective and also take safety into account, namely build a intelligent transportation system, has become a hot spot of society. The vehicle distance control system studied in this paper is an important function in intelligent transportation system, through introducing cyber-physical systems (CPS) technology into it, set up system model, make the vehicles maintain a preset safety distance, thereby not only help improve the effective utilization of traffic system, but also help avoid the collision due to the speed change. Finally, use Simulink software to simulate and analyze the performance of the system, the result shows that the model can effectively cope with the distance change which is due to speed change, and ensure the vehicles maintain a preset safety distance within a short period of time.

Increasingly, the transportation industry has moved towards automation to improve safety, fuel efficiency, and system productivity. However, the increased scrutiny that automated vehicles (AV) face over functional safety has hindered the industry's unbridled confidence in self-driving technologies. As AVs are cyber-physical systems, they utilize distributed control to accomplish a range of safety-critical driving tasks. The Operation Systems (OS) serve as the core of these control systems. Therefore, their designs and implementation must incorporate ways to protect AVs against what must be assumed to be inevitable cyberattacks to meet the overall AV functional safety requirements. This paper investigates the connection between functional safety and cybersecurity in the context of OS. This study finds that risks due to delays can worsen by potential cybersecurity vulnerabilities through a case example of an automated vehicle following. Furthermore, attack surfaces and cybersecurity countermeasures for protecting OSs from security breaches are addressed.

Lane-free traffic has been recently proposed for connected automated vehicles (CAV). As incremental changes of the road width in lane-free traffic lead to corresponding incremental changes of the traffic flow capacity, the concept of internal boundary control can be used to optimize infrastructure utilization. Internal boundary control leads to flexible sharing of the total road width and capacity among the two traffic directions (of a highway or an arterial) in real-time, in response to the prevailing traffic conditions. A feedback-based Linear-Quadratic regulator with Integral action (LQI regulator) is appropriately developed in this paper to efficiently address this problem. Simulation investigations, involving a realistic highway stretch, demonstrate that the proposed simple LQI regulator is robust and very efficient.

Whilst machine learning has been widely adopted for various domains, it is important to consider how such techniques may be susceptible to malicious users through adversarial attacks. Given a trained classifier, a malicious attack may attempt to craft a data observation whereby the data features purposefully trigger the classifier to yield incorrect responses. This has been observed in various image classification tasks, including falsifying road sign detection and facial recognition, which could have severe consequences in real-world deployment. In this work, we investigate how these attacks could impact on network traffic analysis, and how a system could perform misclassification of common network attacks such as DDoS attacks. Using the CICIDS2017 data, we examine how vulnerable the data features used for intrusion detection are to perturbation attacks using FGSM adversarial examples. As a result, our method provides a defensive approach for assessing feature robustness that seeks to balance between classification accuracy whilst minimising the attack surface of the feature space.

The paper proposes a method for image content recovery based on digital watermarking. Existing image watermarking systems detect the tampering and can identify the exact positions of tampered regions, but only a few systems can recover the original image content. In this paper, we suggest a method for recovering the regions of interest (ROIs). It embeds the semi-fragile watermark resistant to JPEG compression (for the quality parameter values greater than or equal to the predefined threshold) and such local tamperings as splicing, copy-move, and retouching, whereas is destroyed by any other image modifications. In the experimental part, the performance of the method is shown on the road traffic JPEG images where the ROIs correspond to car license plates. The method is proven to be an efficient tool for recovering the original ROIs and can be integrated into any JPEG semi-fragile watermarking system.