Biblio

The successful realization of the climate goals agreed upon in the European Union's COP21 commitments makes a fundamental change of the European energy system necessary. In particular, for a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions over 80%, the use of renewable energies must be increased not only in the electricity sector but also across all energy sectors, such as heat and mobility. Furthermore, a progressive integration of renewable energies increases the risk of congestions in the transmission grid and makes network expansion necessary. An efficient planning for future energy systems must comprise the coupling of energy sectors as well as interdependencies of generation and transmission grid infrastructure. However, in traditional energy system planning, these aspects are considered as decoupled. Therefore, the project PlaMES develops an approach for integrated planning of multi-energy systems on a European scale. This paper aims at analyzing the model requirements and describing the modeling approach.

Local flexibility markets are a concept to integrate distributed flexibilities such as power-to-gas, power-to-heat systems, electric vehicles, and battery storage systems into congestion management of distribution and transmission grids. However, the activation of the flexibility of storage systems changes their state-of-charge and thus reduces their available flexibility. Counter-trading or compensation of activated flexibility in later points of time lets storage operators regain flexibility. However, this compensation might create or amplify congestions when not supervised by system operators. Therefore, we propose the inclusion of compensation within the flexibility market clearing process by system operators. We further develop a linear formulation of flexibility market bids by storage systems that takes the need for compensation into account. For this, first, the operational planning formulation of a storage system is expanded by flexibility market participation. Subsequently, the linear formulation of bids is derived and demonstrated.

When vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays (CNT forests) are heated by optical, electrical, or any other means, heat confinement in the lateral directions (i.e. perpendicular to the CNTs' axes), which stems from the anisotropic structure of the forest, is expected to play an important role. It has been found that, in spite of being primarily conductive along the CNTs' axes, focusing a laser beam on the sidewall of a CNT forest can lead to a highly localized hot region-an effect known as ``Heat Trap''-and efficient thermionic emission. This unusual heat confinement phenomenon has applications where the spread of heat has to be minimized, but electrical conduction is required, notably in energy conversion (e.g. vacuum thermionics and thermoelectrics). However, despite its strong scientific and practical importance, the existence and role of the lateral heat confinement in the Heat Trap effect have so far been elusive. In this work, for the first time, by using a rotating elliptical laser beam, we directly observe the existence of this lateral heat confinement and its corresponding effects on the unusual temperature rise during the Heat Trap effect.

With the continuously development of smart meter-reading technologies for decades, remote information collection of electricity, water, gas and heat meters have been realized. Due to the difference of electrical interfaces and communication protocols among various types of meters, communication modes of meter terminals are not so compatible, it is difficult to realize communication optimization of electricity, water, gas and heat meters information collection services. In addition, with the development of power consumption information acquisition system, the number of acquisition terminals soars greatly and the data of terminal access is highly concurrent. Therefore, the risk of security access is increasing. This paper presents a light-weighted security access scheme of power line communication based on multi-source data acquisition of electricity, water, gas and heat meters, which separates multi-source data acquisition services and achieve services security isolation and channel security isolation. The communication reliability and security of the meter-reading service of "electricity, water, gas and heat" will be improved and the integrated meter service will be realized reliably.