Biblio

Quantum cryptography and quantum search algorithm are considered as two important research topics in quantum information science. An asymmetrical quantum encryption protocol based on the properties of quantum one-way function and quantum search algorithm is proposed. Depending on the no-cloning theorem and trapdoor one-way functions of the public-key, the eavesdropper cannot extract any private-information from the public-keys and the ciphertext. Introducing key-generation randomized logarithm to improve security of our proposed protocol, i.e., one private-key corresponds to an exponential number of public-keys. Using unitary operations and the single photon measurement, secret messages can be directly sent from the sender to the receiver. The security of the proposed protocol is proved that it is information-theoretically secure. Furthermore, compared the symmetrical Quantum key distribution, the proposed protocol is not only efficient to reduce additional communication, but also easier to carry out in practice, because no entangled photons and complex operations are required.

With the rapid development of information technology, information security management is ever more important. OpenSSL security incident told us, there's distinct disadvantages of security management of current hierarchical structure, the software and hardware facilities are necessary to enforce security management on their implements of crucial basic protocols, in order to ease the security threats against the facilities in a certain extent. This article expounded cross-layer security management and enumerated 5 contributory factors for the core problems that management facing to.
 

The traditional Kerberos protocol exists some limitations in achieving clock synchronization and storing key, meanwhile, it is vulnerable from password guessing attack and attacks caused by malicious software. In this paper, a new authentication scheme is proposed for wireless mesh network. By utilizing public key encryption techniques, the security of the proposed scheme is enhanced. Besides, timestamp in the traditional protocol is replaced by random numbers to implementation cost. The analysis shows that the improved authentication protocol is fit for wireless Mesh network, which can make identity authentication more secure and efficient.

As multi-tenant authorization and federated identity management systems for cloud computing matures, the provisioning of services using this paradigm allows maximum efficiency on business that requires access control. However, regarding scalability support, mainly horizontal, some characteristics of those approaches based on central authentication protocols are problematic. The objective of this work is to address these issues by providing an adapted sticky-session mechanism for a Shibboleth architecture using CAS. This alternative, compared with the recommended shared memory approach, shown improved efficiency and less overall infrastructure complexity.

This paper presents FlowNAC, a Flow-based Network Access Control solution that allows to grant users the rights to access the network depending on the target service requested. Each service, defined univocally as a set of flows, can be independently requested and multiple services can be authorized simultaneously. Building this proposal over SDN principles has several benefits: SDN adds the appropriate granularity (fine-or coarse-grained) depending on the target scenario and flexibility to dynamically identify the services at data plane as a set of flows to enforce the adequate policy. FlowNAC uses a modified version of IEEE 802.1X (novel EAPoL-in-EAPoL encapsulation) to authenticate the users (without the need of a captive portal) and service level access control based on proactive deployment of flows (instead of reactive). Explicit service request avoids misidentifying the target service, as it could happen by analyzing the traffic (e.g. private services). The proposal is evaluated in a challenging scenario (concurrent authentication and authorization processes) with promising results.
 

Internet into our physical world and making it present everywhere. This evolution is also raising challenges in issues such as privacy, and security. For that reason, this work is focused on the integration and lightweight adaptation of existing authentication protocols, which are able also to offer authorization and access control functionalities. In particular, this work is focused on the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP). EAP is widely used protocol for access control in local area networks such Wireless (802.11) and wired (802.3). This work presents an integration of the EAP frame into IEEE 802.15.4 frames, demonstrating that EAP protocol and some of its mechanisms are feasible to be applied in constrained devices, such as the devices that are populating the IoT networks.
 

Smart objects are small devices with limited system resources, typically made to fulfill a single simple task. By connecting smart objects and thus forming an Internet of Things, the devices can interact with each other and their users and support a new range of applications. Due to the limitations of smart objects, common security mechanisms are not easily applicable. Small message sizes and the lack of processing power severely limit the devices' ability to perform cryptographic operations. This paper introduces a protocol for delegating client authentication and authorization in a constrained environment. The protocol describes how to establish a secure channel based on symmetric cryptography between resource-constrained nodes in a cross-domain setting. A resource-constrained node can use this protocol to delegate authentication of communication peers and management of authorization information to a trusted host with less severe limitations regarding processing power and memory.
 

In PMIPv6-based network, mobile nodes can be made smaller and lighter because the network nodes perform the mobility management-related functions on behalf of the mobile nodes. One of the protocols, Fast Handovers for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6) [1] was studied by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Since FPMIPv6 adopts the entities and the concepts of Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) in Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), it reduces the packet loss. The conventional scheme has been proposed to cooperate with an Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) infrastructure for authentication of a mobile node in PMIPv6. Despite the fact that this approach resulted in the best efficiency, without beginning secured signaling messages, The PMIPv6 is vulnerable to various security threats and it does not support global mobility. In this paper, the authors analyzed the Kang-Park & ESS-FH scheme, and proposed an Enhanced Security scheme for FPMIPv6 (ESS-FP). Based on the CGA method and the public key Cryptography, ESS-FP provides a strong key exchange and key independence in addition to improving the weaknesses of FPMIPv6 and its handover latency was analyzed and compared with that of the Kang-Park scheme & ESS-FH.
 

IP technology for resource-constrained devices enables transparent end-to-end connections between a vast variety of devices and services in the Internet of Things (IoT). To protect these connections, several variants of traditional IP security protocols have recently been proposed for standardization, most notably the DTLS protocol. In this paper, we identify significant resource requirements for the DTLS handshake when employing public-key cryptography for peer authentication and key agreement purposes. These overheads particularly hamper secure communication for memory-constrained devices. To alleviate these limitations, we propose a delegation architecture that offloads the expensive DTLS connection establishment to a delegation server. By handing over the established security context to the constrained device, our delegation architecture significantly reduces the resource requirements of DTLS-protected communication for constrained devices. Additionally, our delegation architecture naturally provides authorization functionality when leveraging the central role of the delegation server in the initial connection establishment. Hence, in this paper, we present a comprehensive, yet compact solution for authentication, authorization, and secure data transmission in the IP-based IoT. The evaluation results show that compared to a public-key-based DTLS handshake our delegation architecture reduces the memory overhead by 64 %, computations by 97 %, network transmissions by 68 %.
 

Cognitive radio (CR) networks are becoming an increasingly important part of the wireless networking landscape due to the ever-increasing scarcity of spectrum resources throughout the world. Nowadays CR media is becoming popular wireless communication media for disaster recovery communication network. Although the operational aspects of CR are being explored vigorously, its security aspects have gained less attention to the research community. The existing research on CR network mainly focuses on the spectrum sensing and allocation, energy efficiency, high throughput, end-to-end delay and other aspect of the network technology. But, very few focuses on the security aspect and almost none focus on the secure anonymous communication in CR networks (CRNs). In this research article we would focus on secure anonymous communication in CR ad hoc networks (CRANs). We would propose a secure anonymous routing for CRANs based on pairing based cryptography which would provide source node, destination node and the location anonymity. Furthermore, the proposed research would protect different attacks those are feasible on CRANs.

As the cornerstone of the future intelligent transportation system, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have attracted intensive attention from the academic and industrial research communities in recent years. For widespread deployment of VANETs, security and privacy issues must be addressed properly. In this paper, we introduce the notion of pseudonym-based cryptography, and present a provable secure pseudonym-based cryptosystems with a trusted authority that includes a pseudonym-based multi-receiver encryption scheme, a pseudonym-based signature scheme, and a pseudonym-based key establishment protocol. We then propose a secure and efficient data access scheme for VANETs based on cooperative caching technology and our proposed pseudonym-based cryptosystems. On the one hand, the efficiency of data access are greatly improved by allowing the sharing and coordination of cached data among multiple vehicles. On the other hand, anonymity of the vehicles, data confidentiality, integrity and non-repudiation are guaranteed by employing our proposed pseudonym-based cryptosystems. Simulation results have shown that our proposed pseudonym-based cryptosystems are suitable to the VANETs environment.

Today in the world of globalization mobile communication is one of the fastest growing medium though which one sender can interact with other in short time. During the transmission of data from sender to receiver, size of data is important, since more data takes more time. But one of the limitations of sending data through mobile devices is limited use of bandwidth and number of packets transmitted. Also the security of these data is important. Hence various protocols are implemented which not only provides security to the data but also utilizes bandwidth. Here we proposed an efficient technique of sending SMS text using combination of compression and encryption. The data to be send is first encrypted using Elliptic curve Cryptographic technique, but encryption increases the size of the text data, hence compression is applied to this encrypted data so the data gets compressed and is send in short time. The Compression technique implemented here is an efficient one since it includes an algorithm which compresses the text by 99.9%, hence a great amount of bandwidth gets saved.The hybrid technique of Compression-Encryption of SMS text message is implemented for Android Operating Systems.

In this paper, we propose a scheme to employ an asymmetric fingerprinting protocol within a client-side embedding distribution framework. The scheme is based on a novel client-side embedding technique that is able to transmit a binary fingerprint. This enables secure distribution of personalized decryption keys containing the Buyer's fingerprint by means of existing asymmetric protocols, without using a trusted third party. Simulation results show that the fingerprint can be reliably recovered by using non-blind decoding, and it is robust with respect to common attacks. The proposed scheme can be a valid solution to both customer's rights and scalability issues in multimedia content distribution.

Future wireless communications are made up of different wireless technologies. In such a scenario, cognitive and cooperative principles create a promising framework for the interaction of these systems. The opportunistic behavior of cognitive radio (CR) provides an efficient use of radio spectrum and makes wireless network setup easier. However more and more frequently, CR features are exploited by malicious attacks, e.g., denial-of-service (DoS). This paper introduces active radio frequency fingerprinting (RFF) with double application scenario. CRs could encapsulate common-control-channel (CCC) information in an existing channel using active RFF and avoiding any additional or dedicated link. On the other hand, a node inside a network could use the same technique to exchange a public key during the setup of secure communication. Results indicate how the active RFF aims to a valuable technique for cognitive radio manager (CRM) framework facilitating data exchange between CRs without any dedicated channel or additional radio resource.

Distributed mesh sensor networks provide cost-effective communications for deployment in various smart grid domains, such as home area networks (HAN), neighborhood area networks (NAN), and substation/plant-generation local area networks. This paper introduces a dynamically updating key distribution strategy to enhance mesh network security against cyber attack. The scheme has been applied to two security protocols known as simultaneous authentication of equals (SAE) and efficient mesh security association (EMSA). Since both protocols utilize 4-way handshaking, we propose a Merkle-tree based handshaking scheme, which is capable of improving the resiliency of the network in a situation where an intruder carries a denial of service attack. Finally, by developing a denial of service attack model, we can then evaluate the security of the proposed schemes against cyber attack, as well as network performance in terms of delay and overhead.

The trend towards Cloud computing infrastructure has increased the need for new methods that allow data owners to share their data with others securely taking into account the needs of multiple stakeholders. The data owner should be able to share confidential data while delegating much of the burden of access control management to the Cloud and trusted enterprises. The lack of such methods to enhance privacy and security may hinder the growth of cloud computing. In particular, there is a growing need to better manage security keys of data shared in the Cloud. BYOD provides a first step to enabling secure and efficient key management, however, the data owner cannot guarantee that the data consumers device itself is secure. Furthermore, in current methods the data owner cannot revoke a particular data consumer or group efficiently. In this paper, we address these issues by incorporating a hardware-based Trusted Platform Module (TPM) mechanism called the Trusted Extension Device (TED) together with our security model and protocol to allow stronger privacy of data compared to software-based security protocols. We demonstrate the concept of using TED for stronger protection and management of cryptographic keys and how our secure data sharing protocol will allow a data owner (e.g, author) to securely store data via untrusted Cloud services. Our work prevents keys to be stolen by outsiders and/or dishonest authorised consumers, thus making it particularly attractive to be implemented in a real-world scenario.

Establishing trust relationships between network participants by having them prove their operating system's integrity via a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) provides interesting approaches for securing local networks at a higher level. In the introduced approach on OSI layer 2, attacks carried out by already authenticated and participating nodes (insider threats) can be detected and prevented. Forbidden activities and manipulations in hard- and software, such as executing unknown binaries, loading additional kernel modules or even inserting unauthorized USB devices, are detected and result in an autonomous reaction of each network participant. The provided trust establishment and authentication protocol operates independently from upper protocol layers and is optimized for resource constrained machines. Well known concepts of backbone architectures can maintain the chain of trust between different kinds of network types. Each endpoint, forwarding and processing unit monitors the internal network independently and reports misbehaviours autonomously to a central instance in or outside of the trusted network.

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G), involving both charging and discharging of battery vehicles (BVs), enhances the smart grid substantially to alleviate peaks in power consumption. In a V2G scenario, the communications between BVs and power grid may confront severe cyber security vulnerabilities. Traditionally, authentication mechanisms are solely designed for the BVs when they charge electricity as energy customers. In this paper, we first show that, when a BV interacts with the power grid, it may act in one of three roles: 1) energy demand (i.e., a customer); 2) energy storage; and 3) energy supply (i.e., a generator). In each role, we further demonstrate that the BV has dissimilar security and privacy concerns. Hence, the traditional approach that only considers BVs as energy customers is not universally applicable for the interactions in the smart grid. To address this new security challenge, we propose a role-dependent privacy preservation scheme (ROPS) to achieve secure interactions between a BV and power grid. In the ROPS, a set of interlinked subprotocols is proposed to incorporate different privacy considerations when a BV acts as a customer, storage, or a generator. We also outline both centralized and distributed discharging operations when a BV feeds energy back into the grid. Finally, security analysis is performed to indicate that the proposed ROPS owns required security and privacy properties and can be a highly potential security solution for V2G networks in the smart grid. The identified security challenge as well as the proposed ROPS scheme indicates that role-awareness is crucial for secure V2G networks.

A physical unclonable function (PUF) is an integrated circuit (IC) that serves as a hardware security primitive due to its complexity and the unpredictability between its outputs and the applied inputs. PUFs have received a great deal of research interest and significant commercial activity. Public PUFs (PPUFs) address the crucial PUF limitation of being a secret-key technology. To some extent, the first generation of PPUFs are similar to SIMulation Possible, but Laborious (SIMPL) systems and one-time hardware pads, and employ the time gap between direct execution and simulation. The second PPUF generation employs both process variation and device aging which results in matched devices that are excessively difficult to replicate. The third generation leaves the analog domain and employs reconfigurability and device aging to produce digital PPUFs. We survey representative PPUF architectures, related public protocols and trusted information flows, and related testing issues. We conclude by identifying the most important, challenging, and open PPUF-related problems.

Mobile cloud computing is a combination of mobile computing and cloud computing that provides a platform for mobile users to offload heavy tasks and data on the cloud, thus, helping them to overcome the limitations of their mobile devices. However, while utilizing the mobile cloud computing technology users lose physical control of their data; this ultimately calls for the need of a data security protocol. Although, numerous such protocols have been proposed,none of them consider a cloudlet based architecture. A cloudlet is a reliable, resource-rich computer/cluster which is well-connected to the internet and is available to nearby mobile devices. In this paper, we propose a data security protocol for a distributed cloud architecture having cloudlet integrated with the base station, using the property of perfect forward secrecy. Our protocol not only protects data from any unauthorized user, but also prevents exposure of data to the cloud owner.
 

To instill greater confidence in computations outsourced to the cloud, clients should be able to verify the correctness of the results returned. To this end, we introduce Pinocchio, a built system for efficiently verifying general computations while relying only on cryptographic assumptions. With Pinocchio, the client creates a public evaluation key to describe her computation; this setup is proportional to evaluating the computation once. The worker then evaluates the computation on a particular input and uses the evaluation key to produce a proof of correctness. The proof is only 288 bytes, regardless of the computation performed or the size of the inputs and outputs. Anyone can use a public verification key to check the proof. Crucially, our evaluation on seven applications demonstrates that Pinocchio is efficient in practice too. Pinocchio's verification time is typically 10ms: 5-7 orders of magnitude less than previous work; indeed Pinocchio is the first general-purpose system to demonstrate verification cheaper than native execution (for some apps). Pinocchio also reduces the worker's proof effort by an additional 19-60x. As an additional feature, Pinocchio generalizes to zero-knowledge proofs at a negligible cost over the base protocol. Finally, to aid development, Pinocchio provides an end-to-end toolchain that compiles a subset of C into programs that implement the verifiable computation protocol.

The Maude-NRL Protocol Analyzer (Maude-NPA) is a tool for reasoning about the security of cryptographic protocols in which the cryptosystems satisfy different equational properties. It tries to find secrecy or authentication attacks by searching backwards from an insecure attack state pattern that may contain logical variables, in such a way that logical variables become properly instantiated in order to find an initial state. The execution mechanism for this logical reachability is narrowing modulo an equational theory. Although Maude-NPA also possesses a forwards semantics naturally derivable from the backwards semantics, it is not suitable for state space exploration or protocol simulation. In this paper we define an executable forwards semantics for Maude-NPA, instead of its usual backwards one, and restrict it to the case of concrete states, that is, to terms without logical variables. This case corresponds to standard rewriting modulo an equational theory. We prove soundness and completeness of the backwards narrowing-based semantics with respect to the rewriting-based forwards semantics. We show its effectiveness as an analysis method that complements the backwards analysis with new prototyping, simulation, and explicit-state model checking features by providing some experimental results.