Overview. The fundamental challenge in cyber-physical systems is the confluence of distinct scientific and engineering models, methods, and tools for cyber and physical systems. Cyber systems are primarily about processing information, formally modeled as patterns of bits. Physical systems are primarily about structure and dynamics, the evolution of the state of the system in time. There are certainly connections between these models, methods, and tools. For example, cyber methods may be used to build simulations of physical systems, and physical systems (e.g.
