Biblio

The IoT node works mostly in a specific scenario, and executes the fixed program. In order to make it suitable for more scenarios, this paper introduces a kind of the IoT node, which can change program at any time. And this node has intelligent and dynamic reconfigurable features. Then, a transport protocol is proposed. It enables this node to work in different scenarios and perform corresponding program. Finally, we use Verilog to design and FPGA to verify. The result shows that this protocol is feasible. It also offers a novel way of the IoT.

In this paper we make the case for IoT edge offloading, which strives to exploit the resources on edge computing devices by offloading fine-grained computation tasks from the cloud closer to the users and data generators (i.e., IoT devices). The key motive is to enhance performance, security and privacy for IoT services. Our proposal bridges the gap between cloud computing and IoT by applying a divide and conquer approach over the multi-level (cloud, edge and IoT) information pipeline. To validate the design of IoT edge offloading, we developed a unikernel-based prototype and evaluated the system under various hardware and network conditions. Our experimentation has shown promising results and revealed the limitation of existing IoT hardware and virtualization platforms, shedding light on future research of edge computing and IoT.

The Internet of Things (IoT) devices have expanded into many aspects of everyday life. As these smart home devices grow more popular, security concerns increase. Researchers have modeled the privacy and security threats for smart home devices, but have yet to fully address the problem of unintended user access within the home. Often, smart home devices are purchased by one of the family members and associated with the same family member's account, yet are shared by the entire home. Currently most devices implement a course-grained access control model where someone in the home either has complete access or no access. We provide scenarios that highlight the need for exible authorization control and seamless authentication in IoT devices, especially in multi-user environments. We present design recommendations for IoT device manufacturers to provide fine-grained access control and authentication and describe the challenges to meeting the expectations of all users within a home.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are one of the most rapidly developing information technologies and promise to have a variety of applications in Next Generation Networks (NGNs) including the IoT. In this paper, the focus will be on developing new methods for efficiently managing such large-scale networks composed of homogeneous wireless sensors/devices in urban environments such as homes, hospitals, stores and industrial compounds. Heterogeneous networks were proposed in a comparison with the homogeneous ones. The efficiency of these networks will depend on several optimization parameters such as the redundancy, as well as the percentages of coverage and energy saved. We tested the algorithm using different densities of sensors in the network and different values of tuning parameters for the optimization parameters. Obtained results show that our proposed algorithm performs better than the other greedy algorithm. Moreover, networks with more sensors maintain more redundancy and better percentage of coverage. However, it wastes more energy. The same method will be used for heterogeneous wireless sensors networks where devices have different characteristics and the network acts more efficient.

Internet of Things (IoT) will be emerged over many of devices that are dynamically networked. Because of distributed and dynamic nature of IoT, designing a recommender system for them is a challenging problem. Recently, cognitive systems are used to design modern frameworks in different types of computer applications such as cognitive radio networks and cognitive peer-to-peer networks. A cognitive system can learn to improve its performance while operating under its unknown environment. In this paper, we propose a framework for cognitive recommender systems in IoT. To the best of our knowledge, there is no recommender system based on cognitive systems in the IoT. The proposed algorithm is compared with the existing recommender systems.

Security of sensible data for ultraconstrained IoT smart devices is one of the most challenging task in modern design. The needs of CPA-resistant cryptographic devices has to deal with the demanding requirements of small area and small impact on the overall power consumption. In this work, a novel current-mode feedback suppressor as on-chip analog-level CPA countermeasure is proposed. It aims to suppress differences in power consumption due to data-dependency of CMOS cryptographic devices, in order to counteract CPA attacks. The novel countermeasure is able to improve MTD of unprotected CMOS implementation of at least three orders of magnitude, providing a ×1.1 area and ×1.7 power overhead.

In an Internet of Things (IOT) network, each node (device) provides and requires services and with the growth in IOT, the number of nodes providing the same service have also increased, thus creating a problem of selecting one reliable service from among many providers. In this paper, we propose a scalable graph-based collaborative filtering recommendation algorithm, improved using trust to solve service selection problem, which can scale to match the growth in IOT unlike a central recommender which fails. Using this recommender, a node can predict its ratings for the nodes that are providing the required service and then select the best rated service provider.

In the 21st century, integrated transport, service and mobility concepts for real-life situations enabled by automation system and smarter connectivity. These services and ideas can be blessed from cloud computing, and big data management techniques for the transport system. These methods could also include automation, security, and integration with other modes. Integrated transport system can offer new means of communication among vehicles. This paper presents how hybrid could computing influence to make urban transportation smarter besides considering issues like security and privacy. However, a simple structured framework based on a hybrid cloud computing system might prevent common existing issues.

IoT (Internet of Things) is a network of interconnected devices, designed to collect and exchange data which can then turn it into information, eventually into wisdom. IoT is a region where digital world converges with physical world. With the evolution of IoT, it is expected to create substantial impact on human lives. IoT ecosystem produces and exchanges sizeable data due to which IoT becomes an attractive target for adversary. The large-scale interconnectivity leads to various potential risk related to information security. Security assurance in IoT ecosystem is one of the major challenges to address. In this context, embedded security becomes a key issue in IoT devices which are constrained in terms of processing, power, memory and bandwidth. The focus of this paper is on the recommended design considerations for constrained IoT devices with the objective to achieve security by default. Considering established set of protocols along with best practices during design and development stage can address majority of security challenges.

This paper addresses the need for standard communication protocols for IoT devices with limited power and computational capabilities. The world is rapidly changing with the proliferation and deployment of IoT devices. This will bring in new communication challenges as these devices are connected to Internet and need to communicate with each other in real time. The paper provides an overview of IoT system architecture and the forthcoming challenges it will bring. There is an urging need to establish standards for communication in the IoT world. With the recent development of new protocols like CoAP, 6LowPAN, IEEE 802.15.4 and Thread in different layers of OSI model, additional challenges also present themselves. Performance and data management is becoming more critical than ever before due to the complexity of connecting raging number of IoT devices. The performance of the systems dealing with IoT devices will require appropriate capacity planning the associated development of data centers. Finally, the paper also presents some reasonable approaches to address the above issues in the IoT world.

This article presents introduction to HTTP Security Headers - new security topic in communication over Internet. It is emphasized that HTTPS protocol and SSL/TLS certificates alone do not offer sufficient level of security for communication among people and devices. In the world of web applications and Internet of Things (IoT), it is vital to bring communication security at higher level, what could be realised via few simple steps. HTTP Response Headers used for different purposes in the past are now the effective way how to propagate security policies from servers to clients (from web servers to web browsers). First improvement is enforcing HTTPS protocol for communication everywhere it is possible and promote this protocol as first and only option for secure connection over the Internet. It is emphasized that HTTP protocol for communication is not suitable anymore.

Internet of Things devices (IoT-D) have limited resource capacity. But these devices can share resources. Hence, they are being used in variety of applications in various fields including smart city, smart energy, healthcare etc. Traditional practice of medicine and healthcare is mostly heuristic driven. There exist big gaps in our understanding of human body, disease and health. We can use upcoming digital revolution to turn healthcare upside down with data-driven medical science. Various healthcare companies now provide remote healthcare services. Healthcare professionals are also adapting remote healthcare monitoring practices so as to monitor patients who are either hospitalized or executing their normal lifestyle activities at remote locations. Wearable devices available in the market calculate different health parameters and corresponding applications pass the information to server through their proprietary platforms. However, these devices or applications cannot directly communicate or share the data. So, there needs an API to access health and wellness data from different wearable medical devices and applications. This paper proposes and demonstrates an API to connect different wearable healthcare devices and transfer patient personal information securely to the doctor or health provider.

As we know, we are already facing IoT threat and under IoT attacks. However, there are only a few discussions on, how to analyze this kind of cyber threat and malwares. In this paper, we propose IoT sandbox which can support different type of CPU architecture. It can be used to analyze IoT malwares, collect network packets, identify spread method and record malwares behaviors. To make sure our IoT sandbox can be functional, we implement it and use the Zollard botnet for experiment. According to our experimental data, we found that at least 71,148 IP have been compromised. Some of them are IoT devices (DVR, Web Camera, Router WiFi Disk, Set-top box) and others are ICS devices (Heat pump and ICS data acquisition server). Based on our IoT sandbox technology, we can discover an IoT malware in an early stage. This could help IT manager or security experts to analysis and determine IDS rules. We hope this research can prevent IoT threat and enhance IoT Security in the near future.

Edge Computing is a scheme to improve the performance, latency and security guidelines for IoT applications. However, edge deployment of an application also comes with additional complexity in management, an increased attack surface for security vulnerability, and could potentially result in a more expensive solution. As a result, the conditions under which an edge deployment of IoT applications delivers a better solution is not always obvious. Metrics which would be able to predict whether or not an IoT application is suitable for edge deployment can provide useful insights to address this question. In this paper, we examine the key performance indicators for IoT applications, namely the responsiveness, scalability and cost models for different types of IoT applications. Our analysis identifies that network centrality of an IoT application is a key characteristic which determines whether or not an IoT application is a good candidate for edge deployment. We discuss the different measures of network centrality that can be used to characterize applications, and the relative performance of edge deployment compared to centralized deployment for various IoT applications.

Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging trend that is changing the way devices connect and communicate. Integration of cloud computing with IoT i.e. Cloud of Things (CoT) provide scalability, virtualized control and access to the services provided by IoT. Security issues are a major obstacle in widespread deployment and application of CoT. Among these issues, authentication and identification of user is crucial. In this study paper, survey of various authentication schemes is carried out. The aim of this paper is to study a multifactor authentication system which uses secret splitting in detail. The system uses exclusive-or operations, encryption algorithms and Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm to share key over the network. Security analysis shows the resistance of the system against different types of attacks.

Embedded and mobile devices forming part of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) need new authentication technologies and techniques. This requirement is due to the increase in effort and time attackers will use to compromise a device, often remote, based on the possibility of a significant monetary return. This paper proposes exploiting a device's accelerometers in-built functionality to implement multi-factor authentication. An experimental embedded system designed to emulate a typical mobile device is used to implement the ideas and investigated as proof-of-concept.

5G, the fifth generation of mobile communication networks, is considered as one of the main IoT enablers. Connecting billions of things, 5G/IoT will be dealing with trillions of GBytes of data. Securing such large amounts of data is a very challenging task. Collected data varies from simple temperature measurements to more critical transaction data. Thus, applying uniform security measures is a waste of resources (processing, memory, and network bandwidth). Alternatively, a multi-level security model needs to be applied according to the varying requirements. In this paper, we present a multi-level security scheme (BLP) applied originally in the information security domain. We review its application in the network domain, and propose a modified version of BLP for the 5G/IoT case. The proposed model is proven to be secure and compliant with the model rules.

In low-power wireless networking, new applications such as cooperative robots or industrial closed-loop control demand for network-wide consensus at low-latency and high reliability. Distributed consensus protocols is a mature field of research in a wired context, but has received little attention in low-power wireless settings. In this paper, we present A2: Agreement in the Air, a system that brings distributed consensus to low-power multi-hop networks. A2 introduces Synchrotron, a synchronous transmissions kernel that builds a robust mesh by exploiting the capture effect, frequency hopping with parallel channels, and link-layer security. A2 builds on top of this reliable base layer and enables the two- and three-phase commit protocols, as well as network services such as group membership, hopping sequence distribution and re-keying. We evaluate A2 on four public testbeds with different deployment densities and sizes. A2 requires only 475 ms to complete a two-phase commit over 180 nodes. The resulting duty cycle is 0.5% for 1-minute intervals. We show that A2 achieves zero losses end-to-end over long experiments, representing millions of data points. When adding controlled failures, we show that two-phase commit ensures transaction consistency in A2 while three-phase commit provides liveness at the expense of inconsistency under specific failure scenarios.

The Internet of Things is a disruptive paradigm based on the cooperation of a plethora of heterogeneous smart things to collect, transmit, and analyze data from the ambient environment. To this end, many monitored variables are combined by a data analysis module in order to implement efficient context-aware decision mechanisms. To ensure resource efficiency, aggregation is a long established solution, however it is applicable only in the case of one sensed variable. We extend the use of aggregation to the complex context of IoT by proposing a novel approach for secure cooperation of smart things while granting confidentiality and integrity. Traditional solutions for data concealment in resource constrained devices rely on hop-by-hop or end-to-end encryption, which are shown to be inefficient in our context. We use a more sophisticated scheme relying on homomorphic encryption which is not compromise resilient. We combine fully additive encryption with fully additive secret sharing to fulfill the required properties. Thorough security analysis and performance evaluation show a viable tradeoff between security and efficiency for our scheme.

The rapid increase of connected devices and the major advances in information and communication technologies have led to great emergence in the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT devices require software adaptation as they are in continuous transition. Multi-agent based solutions offer adaptable composition for IoT systems. Mobile agents can also be used to enable interoperability and global intelligence with smart objects in the Internet of Things. The use of agents carrying personal data and the rapid increasing number of connected IoT devices require the use of security protocols to secure the user data. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Algorithm has emerged as an attractive and efficient public-key cryptosystem. We recommend the use of ECC in the proposed Broadcast based Secure Mobile Agent Protocol (BROSMAP) which is one of the most secure protocols that provides confidentiality, authentication, authorization, accountability, integrity and non-repudiation. We provide a methodology to improve BROSMAP to fulfill the needs of Multi-agent based IoT Systems in general. The new BROSMAP performs better than its predecessor and provides the same security requirements. We have formally verified ECC-BROSMAP using Scyther and compared it with BROSMAP in terms of execution time and computational cost. The effect of varying the key size on BROSMAP is also presented. A new ECC-based BROSMAP takes half the time of Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) 2048 BROSMAP and 4 times better than its equivalent RSA 3072 version. The computational cost was found in favor of ECC-BROSMAP which is more efficient by a factor of 561 as compared to the RSA-BROSMAP.

RPL is a lightweight IPv6 network routing protocol specifically designed by IETF, which can make full use of the energy of intelligent devices and compute the resource to build the flexible topological structure. This paper analyzes the security problems of RPL, sets up a test network to test RPL network security, proposes a RPL based security routing protocol M-RPL. The routing protocol establishes a hierarchical clustering network topology, the intelligent device of the network establishes the backup path in different clusters during the route discovery phase, enable backup paths to ensure data routing when a network is compromised. Setting up a test prototype network, simulating some attacks against the routing protocols in the network. The test results show that the M-RPL network can effectively resist the routing attacks. M-RPL provides a solution to ensure the Internet of Things (IoT) security.

We all are very much aware of IoT that is Internet of Things which is emerging technology in today's world. The new and advanced field of technology and inventions make use of IoT for better facility. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. Our project is based on IoT and other supporting techniques which can bring out required output. Security issues are everywhere now-a-days which we are trying to deal with by our project. Our security throwbot (a throwable device) will be tossed into a room after activating it and it will capture 360 degree panaromic video from a single IP camera, by using two end connectivity that is, robot end and another is user end, will bring more features to this project. Shape of the robot will be shperical so that problem of retrieving back can be solved. Easy to use and cheap to buy is one of our goal which will be helpful to police and soldiers who get stuck in situations where they have to question oneself before entering to dangerous condition/room. Our project will help them to handle and verify any area before entering by just throwing this robot and getting the sufficient results.

Securing cyber-physical systems is hard. They are complex infrastructures comprising multiple technological artefacts, designers, operators and users. Existing research has established the security challenges in such systems as well as the role of usable security to support humans in effective security decisions and actions. In this paper we focus on smart cyber-physical systems, such as those based on the Internet of Things (IoT). Such smart systems aim to intelligently automate a variety of functions, with the goal of hiding that complexity from the user. Furthermore, the interactions of the user with such systems are more often implicit than explicit, for instance, a pedestrian with wearables walking through a smart city environment will most likely interact with the smart environment implicitly through a variety of inferred preferences based on previously provided or automatically collected data. The key question that we explore is that of empowering software engineers to pragmatically take into account how users make informed security choices about their data and information in such a pervasive environment. We discuss a range of existing frameworks considering the impact of automation on user behaviours and argue for the need of a shift–-from usability to security ergonomics as a key requirement when designing and implementing security features in smart cyber-physical environments. Of course, the considerations apply more broadly than security but, in this paper, we focus only on security as a key concern.

While the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes increasingly popular and pervasive in everyday objects, IoT devices often remain unprotected and can be exploited to launch large-scale distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. One could attempt to employ traditional DDoS defense solutions, but these solutions are hardly suitable in IoT environments since they seldom consider the resource constraints of IoT devices. This paper presents FR-WARD which defends against DDoS attacks launched from an IoT network. FR-WARD is an adaptation of the classic DDoS defense system D-WARD. While both solutions are situated near the attack sources and drop packets to throttle DDoS traffic, FR-WARD utilizes the fast retransmit mechanism in TCP congestion control to minimize resource penalties on benign IoT devices. Based on our analysis and simulation results, FR-WARD not only effectively throttles DDoS traffic but also minimizes retransmission overhead for benign IoT devices.

Building the Internet of Things requires deploying a huge number of objects with full or limited connectivity to the Internet. Given that these objects are exposed to attackers and generally not secured-by-design, it is essential to be able to update them, to patch their vulnerabilities and to prevent hackers from enrolling them into botnets. Ideally, the update infrastructure should implement the CIA triad properties, i.e., confidentiality, integrity and availability. In this work, we investigate how the use of a blockchain infrastructure can meet these requirements, with a focus on availability. In addition, we propose a peer-to-peer mechanism, to spread updates between objects that have limited access to the Internet. Finally, we give an overview of our ongoing prototype implementation.