Biblio

The XML-based data format AutomationML enables vendor-independent exchange of design data between discipline-specific design tools. It is based on Computer Aided Engineering Exchange (CAEX) and hence, compatible with the W3C standards XMLEnc (XML encryption) and XMLDsig (XML signatures). However, despite the importance of protecting engineering data, so far no concept has been presented to ensure and control on a fine-grained level the confidentiality, authenticity and accessibility of information stored in AutomationML files. In this paper, we introduce a basic access control scheme for AutomationML that enables to define user read and write access for each component. Furthermore, the scheme supports non-repudiation based on a change history and so-called "signature chains". It is also capable of supporting views and restricted access to components. The scheme is based on cryptographic measures – i.e. cryptographic hashing, symmetric encryption, signatures, and asymmetric encryption – and enforces its access control mechanisms through encryption to protect against unauthorized reading, and through signature chains to protect against unauthorized manipulation and to ensure non-repudiation. This approach has the benefit to be independent of the underlying file and operating system, storage location, etc., and it keeps full CAEX-conformity by extending AutomationML.This concept can serve as basis for software tools that support AutomationML and want to integrate access control features directly into AutomationML.

The key concerns in VANET communication are the security and privacy of the vehicles involved, but at the same time an efficient way to provide non-repudiation in the ad-hoc network is an important requirement. Most schemes proposed are using public key infrastructure (PKI) or symmetric key encryption to achieve security in VANET; both individually lack in serving the required purpose of providing privacy preservation of the involved On-Board Units (OBUs) (while still being able to offer non-repudiation) and amount to very sizeable overheads in computation. This paper proposes a privacy-preserving authentication protocol that employs hybrid cryptography, using the best features of PKI and symmetric cryptography to form a protocol that is scalable, efficient and offers services of integrity, non-repudiation, conditional privacy, and unlinkability; while still keeping the computational overhead at a reasonable level. The performance and security analysis of this scheme is provided to support the propositions.

The systematic integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) into the supply chain to increase operational efficiency and quality has also introduced new complexities to the threat landscape. The myriad of sensors could increase data collection capabilities for businesses to facilitate process automation aided by Artificial Intelligence (AI) but without adopting an appropriate Security-by-Design framework, threat detection and response are destined to fail. The emerging concept of Smart Workplace incorporates many CPS (e.g. Robots and Drones) to execute tasks alongside Employees both of which can be exploited as Insider Threats. We introduce and discuss forensic-readiness, liability attribution and the ability to track moving Smart SPS Objects to support modern Digital Forensics and Incident Response (DFIR) within a defence-in-depth strategy. We present a framework to facilitate the tracking of object behaviour within Smart Controlled Business Environments (SCBE) to support resilience by enabling proactive insider threat detection. Several components of the framework were piloted in a company to discuss a real-life case study and demonstrate anomaly detection and the emerging of behavioural patterns according to objects' movement with relation to their job role, workspace position and nearest entry or exit. The empirical data was collected from a Bluetooth-based Proximity Monitoring Solution. Furthermore, a key strength of the framework is a federated Blockchain (BC) model to achieve forensic-readiness by establishing a digital Chain-of-Custody (CoC) and a collaborative environment for CPS to qualify as Digital Witnesses (DW) to support post-incident investigations.

This paper proposes two adaptive Huffman coding hash tree algorithms to construct the hash tree of a file system. The algorithms are used to design the real-time proof of violation (PoV) scheme for the cloud storage service to achieve mutual non-repudiation between the user and the service provider. The PoV scheme can then generate cryptographic proofs once the service-level agreement (SLA) is violated. Based on adaptive Huffman coding, the proposed algorithms add hash tree nodes dynamically when a file is accessed for the first time. Every node keeps a count to reflect the frequency of occurrence of the associated file, and all nodes' counts and the tree structure are adjusted on-the-fly for every file access. This can significantly reduce the memory and computation overheads required by the PoV scheme. The file access patterns of the NCUCCWiki and the SNIA IOTTA datasets are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms. The algorithms are also compared with a related hash tree construction algorithm used in a PoV scheme, named ERA, to show their superiority in performance.

Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly emerging as the manifestation of the networked society vision. But its centralized architecture will lead to a single point of failure. On the other hand, it will be difficult to handle communications in the near future considering the rapid growth of IoT devices. Along with its popularity, IoT suffers from a lot of vulnerabilities, which IoT developers are constantly working to mitigate. This paper proposes a new protocol called Mirage which can be used for secure and decentralized communication of IoT devices. This protocol is built based on security principles. Out of which Mirage mainly focuses on authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation. In this protocol, devices are authenticated via secret keys known only to the parties involved in the communication. These secret keys are not static and will be constantly changing for every communication. For ensuring integrity, an intermediary is asked to exchange the hash of the messages. As the intermediary nodes are lending their computing and networking powers, they should be rewarded. To ensure non-repudiation, instead of going for trusted third parties, blockchain technology is used. Every node in the network needs to spend a mirage token for sending a message. Mirage tokens will be provided only to those nodes, who help in exchanging the hashes as a reward. In the end, a decentralized network of IoT devices is formed where every node contribute to the security of the network.

In this paper we propose a cryptographic solution that provides non-repudiation and end-to-end security for the electric-vehicle-charging ecosystem as it exists in the Netherlands. It is designed to provide long-term non-repudiation, while allowing for data deletion in order to comply with the GDPR. To achieve this, we use signatures on hashes of individual data fields instead of on the combination of fields directly, and we use Merkle authentication trees to reduce the overhead involved.

The use of technology is increasing nowadays. On the other hand, most governments and legal offices still do not use technology to implement simple things such as signing a document because they still rely on face-to-face to ensure the authenticity of the signatory. Several challenges may come while signing documents online such as, how to authenticate the signing parties and how to ensure that signing parties will not deny their signatures in future? These challenges are addressed by SecureSign system that attach the signatories' identity with their fingerprints. SecureSign was implemented in C\# and Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio, with integrating fingerprint reader and electronic signature tablet. The SecureSign system achieves the main security goals which are confidentiality, authentication, non-repudiation and integrity. It will have an impact on society and business environments positively as it will reduce fraud and forgery, and help in controlling the process of signing either in contracts or confidential papers. SecureSign have Successfully achieved confidentiality by encrypting data using AES algorithm, authentication by using user fingerprint, nonrepudiation by associating the user ID with his fingerprint, and integrity by embedding QR barcode within the document and hashing its content.

Data's security being important aspect of the today's internet is gaining more importance day by day. With the increase in online data exchange, transactions and payments; secure payment and secure data transfers have become an area of concern. Cryptography makes the data transmission over the internet secure by various methods, algorithms. Cryptography helps in avoiding the unauthorized people accessing the data by authentication, confidentiality, integrity and non-repudiation. In order to securely transmit the data many cryptographic algorithms are present, but the algorithm to be used should be robust, efficient, cost effective, high performance and easily deployable. Choosing an algorithm which suits the customer's requirement is an utmost important task. The proposed work discusses different symmetric key cryptographic algorithms like DES, 3DES, AES and Blowfish by considering encryption time, decryption time, entropy, memory usage, throughput, avalanche effect and energy consumption by practical implementation using java. Practical implementation of algorithms has been highlighted in proposed work considering tradeoff performance in terms of cost of various parameters rather than mere theoretical concepts. Battery consumption and avalanche effect of algorithms has been discussed. It reveals that AES performs very well in overall performance analysis among considered algorithms.

Users of online services such as messaging, code hosting and collaborative document editing expect the services to uphold the integrity of their data. Despite providers' best efforts, data corruption still occurs, but at present service integrity violations are excluded from SLAs. For providers to include such violations as part of SLAs, the competing requirements of clients and providers must be satisfied. Clients need the ability to independently identify and prove service integrity violations to claim compensation. At the same time, providers must be able to refute spurious claims. We describe LibSEAL, a SEcure Audit Library for Internet services that creates a non-repudiable audit log of service operations and checks invariants to discover violations of service integrity. LibSEAL is a drop-in replacement for TLS libraries used by services, and thus observes and logs all service requests and responses. It runs inside a trusted execution environment, such as Intel SGX, to protect the integrity of the audit log. Logs are stored using an embedded relational database, permitting service invariant violations to be discovered using simple SQL queries. We evaluate LibSEAL with three popular online services (Git, ownCloud and Dropbox) and demonstrate that it is effective in discovering integrity violations, while reducing throughput by at most 14%.

Fog computing has emerged due to the problem that it becomes difficult to store every data to the cloud system as the number of Internet of Things increases. In this fog computing, a vast amount of data generated from the Internet of Things is transmitted to the cloud system located at a remote place, and is processed by a fog computer such as a sensor or a router located nearby, so that only the necessary data is transmitted to the cloud system. However, the above-mentioned fog computer has some drawbacks like being shut down due to an attack by a malicious user in advance, and a method of processing when a fog computer is down or restored. In this paper we describe a fog computing with blockchain that enables fog computers to share transaction generated by processing transaction information of a device controlled by a blockchain method to a security and device control method of a fog computer utilizing the technology. Furthemore by using security properties of blockchain such as authentication, non-repudiation and data integrity, fog computing using blockchain has advantage of security comparing to previous Cloud and fog computing system using centralized database or P2P networks.

In most crowdsensing systems, the quality of the collected data is varied and difficult to evaluate while the existing crowdsensing quality control methods are mostly based on a central platform, which is not completely trusted in reality and results in fraud and other problems. To solve these questions, a novel crowdsensing quality control model is proposed in this paper. First, the idea of blockchain is introduced into this model. The credit-based verifier selection mechanism and twice consensuses are proposed to realize the non-repudiation and non-tampering of information in crowdsensing. Then, the quality grading evaluation (QGE) is put forward, in which the method of truth discovery and the idea of fuzzy theories are combined to evaluate the quality of sensing data, and the garbled circuit is used to ensure that evaluation criteria can not be leaked. Finally, the Experiments show that our model is feasible in time and effective in quality evaluation.

Live VM migration is the most vulnerable process in cloud federations for DDOS attacks, loss of data integrity, confidentiality, unauthorized access and injection of malicious viruses on VM disk images. We have scrutinized following set of crucial security features which are; authorization, confidentiality, replay protection (accountability), integrity, mutual authentication and source non-repudiation (availability) to cater different threats and vulnerabilities during live VM migration. The investigated threats and vulnerabilities are catered and implemented in a proposed solution, presented in this paper. Six security features-authorization, confidentiality, replay protection, integrity, mutual authentication and source non-repudiation are focused and modular implementation has been done. Solution is validated in AVISPA tool in modules for threats for all the notorious security requirements and no outbreak were seen.

Digital signatures are replacing paper-based work to make life easier for customers and employees in various industries. We rigorously use RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) for public key cryptographic algorithms. Nowadays ECDSA (Elliptical Curve Digital Signature Algorithm) gaining more popularity than the RSA algorithm because of the better performance of ECDSA over RSA. The main advantage of ECC over RSA is ECC provides the same level of security with less key size and overhead than RSA. This paper focuses on a brief review of the performance of ECDSA and RSA in various aspects like time, security and power. This review tells us about why ECC has become the latest trend in the present cryptographic scenario.

Access to information and data is becoming an essential part of nearly every aspect of modern business operation. Unfortunately, accessing information systems comes with increased chances of intrusion and unauthorized access. Acquiring and maintaining evidence from a computer or networks in the current high-tech world is essential in any comprehensive forensic investigation. Software and hardware tools are used to easily manage the evidence and view all relevant files. In an effort to enhance computer access security, keystroke authentication, is one of the biometric solutions that were proposed as a solution for enhancing users' identification. This research proposes using user's keystroke errors to determine guilt during forensics investigations, where it was found that individuals keystroke patters are repeatable and variant from those of others, and that keystroke patterns are impossible to steal or imitate. So, in this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of relying on ``user's mistakes'' as another behavioral biometric keystroke dynamic.

The complete digitization of telecommunications allows new attack scenarios, which have not been possible with legacy phone technologies before. The reason is that physical access to legacy phone technologies was necessary. Regarding internet-based communication like voice over the internet protocol (VoIP), which can be established between random nodes, eavesdropping can happen everywhere and much easier. Additionally, injection of undesirable communication like SPAM or SPIT in digital networks is simpler, too. Encryption is not sufficient because it is also necessary to know which participants are talking to each other. For that reason, the research project INTEGER has been started with the main goals of providing secure authentication and integrity of a VoIP communication by using a digital signature. The basis of this approach is the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) of the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) which works as a hardware-based trusted anchor. The TPM will be used inside of wireless IP devices with VoIP softphones. The question is if it is possible to fulfill the main goals of the project in wireless scenarios with Wi-Fi technologies. That is what this contribution aims to clarify.

Blockchain networks have been claimed to have the potential of fundamentally changing the way humans perform economic transactions with each other. In such networks, trust-enabling agents and activities, that were traditionally arranged in a centralized fashion, are replaced by a network of nodes which collectively yet independently witness and establish the non-repudiability of transactions. Most often, a proof-of-work (PoW) requirement ensures that participants invest resources for joining the network, incentivizing conformance to the network rules, while making it highly infeasible for malicious agents to construct an alternative version of the transaction history. While research on security and efficiency aspects of blockchain networks is already being conducted, there is still work to be done to understand how different external and internal conditions guarantee or threaten their sustainability, i.e., their continuous operation. Focusing on public PoW-based blockchain platforms, in this paper we sketch an abstract model that is aimed at supporting comprehension and qualitative reasoning about the factors that affect sustainability of a blockchain network.

SDN is a new network architecture for control and data forwarding logic separation, able to provide a high degree of openness and programmability, with many advantages not available by traditional networks. But there are still some problems unsolved, for example, it is easy to cause the controller to be attacked due to the lack of verifying the source of the packet, and the limited range of match fields cannot meet the requirement of the precise control of network services etc. Aiming at the above problems, this paper proposes a SDN network security control forwarding mechanism based on cipher identification, when packets flow into and out of the network, the forwarding device must verify their source to ensure the user's non-repudiation and the authenticity of packets. Besides administrators control the data forwarding based on cipher identification, able to form network management and control capabilities based on human, material, business flow, and provide a new method and means for the future of Internet security.

Digital signatures now become a crucial requirement in communication and digital messaging. Digital messaging is information that is very vulnerable to be manipulated by irresponsible people. Digital signatures seek to maintain the two security aspects that cryptography aims, such as integrity and non-repudiation. This research aims to applied MAC address with AES-128 and SHA-2 256 bit for digital signature. The use of MAC address in AES-128 could improve the security of the digital signature because of its uniqueness in every computer which could randomize the traditional processes of AES. SHA-2 256-bit will provides real unique randomized strings with reasonable speed. As result the proposed digital signature able to implement and work perfectly in many platforms.

In the field of communication, the need for cryptography is growing faster, so it is very difficult to achieve the objectives of cryptography such as confidentiality, data integrity, non-repudiation. To ensure data security, key scheduling and key management are the factors which the algorithm depends. In this paper, the enciphering and deciphering process of the SERPENT algorithm is done using the graphical programming tool. It is an algorithm which uses substitution permutation network procedure which contains round function including key scheduling, s-box and linear mixing stages. It is fast and easy to actualize and it requires little memory.

Embedded electronic devices and sensors such as smartphones, smart watches, medical implants, and Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSN) are making the “Internet of Things” (IoT) a reality. Such devices often require cryptographic services such as authentication, integrity and non-repudiation, which are provided by Public-Key Cryptography (PKC). As these devices are severely resource-constrained, choosing a suitable cryptographic system is challenging. Pairing Based Cryptography (PBC) is among the best candidates to implement PKC in lightweight devices. In this research, we present a fast and energy efficient implementation of PBC based on Barreto-Naehrig (BN) curves and optimal Ate pairing using hardware/software co-design. Our solution consists of a hardware-based Montgomery multiplier, and pairing software running on an ARM Cortex A9 processor in a Zynq-7020 System-on-Chip (SoC). The multiplier is protected against simple power analysis (SPA) and differential power analysis (DPA), and can be instantiated with a variable number of processing elements (PE). Our solution improves performance (in terms of latency) over an open-source software PBC implementation by factors of 2.34 and 2.02, for 256- and 160-bit field sizes, respectively, as measured in the Zynq-7020 SoC.

In cloud storage systems, users can upload their data along with associated tags (authentication information) to cloud storage servers. To ensure the availability and integrity of the outsourced data, provable data possession (PDP) schemes convince verifiers (users or third parties) that the outsourced data stored in the cloud storage server is correct and unchanged. Recently, several PDP schemes with designated verifier (DV-PDP) were proposed to provide the flexibility of arbitrary designated verifier. A designated verifier (private verifier) is trustable and designated by a user to check the integrity of the outsourced data. However, these DV-PDP schemes are either inefficient or insecure under some circumstances. In this paper, we propose the first non-repudiable PDP scheme with designated verifier (DV-NRPDP) to address the non-repudiation issue and resolve possible disputations between users and cloud storage servers. We define the system model, framework and adversary model of DV-NRPDP schemes. Afterward, a concrete DV-NRPDP scheme is presented. Based on the computing discrete logarithm assumption, we formally prove that the proposed DV-NRPDP scheme is secure against several forgery attacks in the random oracle model. Comparisons with the previously proposed schemes are given to demonstrate the advantages of our scheme.

In several critical military missions, more than one decision level are involved. These decision levels are often independent and distributed, and sensitive pieces of information making up the military mission must be kept hidden from one level to another even if all of the decision levels cooperate to accomplish the same task. Usually, a mission is negotiated through insecure networks such as the Internet using cryptographic protocols. In such protocols, few security properties have to be ensured. However, designing a secure cryptographic protocol that ensures several properties at once is a very challenging task. In this paper, we propose a new secure protocol for multipart military missions that involve two independent and distributed decision levels having different security levels. We show that it ensures the secrecy, authentication, and non-repudiation properties. In addition, we show that it resists against man-in-the-middle attacks.

There are many recent propositions treating Model Driven Architecture (MDA) approaches to perform and automate code generation from design models. To the best of our knowledge and research, most of these propositions have been only focused on functional aspect by allowing code generation without considering this the non-functional aspect at the same time so that to generate secure object-oriented software basing on MDA approach. In this context, we are adding further details to integrate the security policies required in the form of secure models. The systems specification models will be enhanced with security requirements at different abstraction levels through a set of transformation models. Improving functional models with security constraints allow us to incorporate the security needs and automating generating secure applications with their security infrastructure using MDA approach. After carrying out a modification on MDA processes and UML meta-model to cover a better representation of security policies of an organization by updating different existing software engineering process to take into account nonfunctional aspect along with their functional aspect. This work presents a new methodology based on MDA approach and existing security technologies for allowing the integration of the proposed security requirements, which are obtained from security experts, during the system design. Within this context, we have focused on the essential elements of security, such as data encryption, Message Integrity, and Access Control in order to express the importance of merging both the functional and non-functional aspects altogether. We have chosen these properties to practically illustrate how to generate secure applications including their security policies. Then the source code will be obtained automatically from Platform Specific Models (PSM) by applying a set of model transformations and using a code generator designed for this mission. In addition, we can inject also other security-related properties, such as Availability, Traceability, non-repudiation, and Scalability issues during the whole development process by following the same methodology. these properties will be treated in the future work.

As our society massively relies on ICT, security services are becoming essential to protect users and entities involved. Amongst such services, non-repudiation provides evidences of actions, protects against their denial, and helps solving disputes between parties. For example, it prevents denial of past behaviors as having sent or received messages. Noteworthy, if the information flow is continuous, evidences should be produced for the entirety of the flow and not only at specific points. Further, non-repudiation should be guaranteed by mechanisms that do not reduce the usability of the system or application. To meet these challenges, in this paper, we propose two solutions for non-repudiation of remote services based on multi-biometric continuous authentication. We present an application scenario that discusses how users and service providers are protected with such solutions. We also discuss the technological readiness of biometrics for non-repudiation services: the outcome is that, under specific assumptions, it is actually ready.

Securing sensitive digital documents (such as health records, legal reports, government documents, and financial assets) is a critical and challenging task. Unreliable Internet connections, viruses, and compromised file storage systems impose a significant risk on such documents and can compromise their integrity especially when shared across domains while they are shared in offline fashion. In this paper, we present a new framework for maintaining integrity in offline documents and provide a non-repudiation security feature without relying on a central repository of certificates. This framework has been implemented as a plug-in for the Microsoft Word application. It is portable because the plug-in is attached to the document itself and it is scalable because there are no fixed limits on the numbers of users who can collaborate in producing the document. Our framework provides integrity and non-repudiation guarantees for each change in the document's version history.