Biblio

With the progress of cryptography computer science, designing cryptographic algorithms using deep learning is a very innovative research direction. Google Brain designed a communication model using generation adversarial network and explored the encrypted communication algorithm based on machine learning. However, the encrypted communication model it designed lacks quantitative evaluation. When some plaintexts and keys are leaked at the same time, the security of communication cannot be guaranteed. This model is optimized to enhance the security by adjusting the optimizer, modifying the activation function, and increasing batch normalization to improve communication speed of optimization. Experiments were performed on 16 bits and 64 bits plaintexts communication. With plaintext and key leak rate of 0.75, the decryption error rate of the decryptor is 0.01 and the attacker can't guess any valid information about the communication.

Artificial intelligence (AI) cooperates with multiple industries to improve the overall industry framework. Especially, human emotion recognition plays an indispensable role in supporting medical care, psychological counseling, crime prevention and detection, and crime investigation. The research on emotion recognition includes emotion-specific intonation patterns, literal expressions of emotions, and facial expressions. Recently, the deep learning model of facial emotion recognition aims to capture tiny changes in facial muscles to provide greater recognition accuracy. Hybrid models in facial expression recognition have been constantly proposed to improve the performance of deep learning models in these years. In this study, we proposed an ensemble learning algorithm for the accuracy of the facial emotion recognition model with three deep learning models: VGG16, InceptionResNetV2, and EfficientNetB0. To enhance the performance of these benchmark models, we applied transfer learning, fine-tuning, and data augmentation to implement the training and validation of the Facial Expression Recognition 2013 (FER-2013) Dataset. The developed algorithm finds the best-predicted value by prioritizing the InceptionResNetV2. The experimental results show that the proposed ensemble learning algorithm of priorities edges up 2.81% accuracy of the model identification. The future extension of this study ventures into the Internet of Things (IoT), medical care, and crime detection and prevention.

In this paper, we established a unified deep learning-based spam filtering method. The proposed method uses the message byte-histograms as a unified representation for all message types (text, images, or any other format). A deep convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to extract high-level features from this representation. A fully connected neural network is used to perform the classification using the extracted CNN features. We validate our method using several open-source text-based and image-based spam datasets.We obtained an accuracy higher than 94% on all datasets.

Aiming at the prevention of information security risk in protection and control of smart substation, a multi-level security defense method of substation based on data aggregation and convolution neural network (CNN) is proposed. Firstly, the intelligent electronic device(IED) uses "digital certificate + digital signature" for the first level of identity authentication, and uses UKey identification code for the second level of physical identity authentication; Secondly, the device group of the monitoring layer judges whether the data report is tampered during transmission according to the registration stage and its own ID information, and the device group aggregates the data using the credential information; Finally, the convolution decomposition technology and depth separable technology are combined, and the time factor is introduced to control the degree of data fusion and the number of input channels of the network, so that the network model can learn the original data and fused data at the same time. Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively save communication overhead, ensure the reliable transmission of messages under normal and abnormal operation, and effectively improve the security defense ability of smart substation.

The major aim of the study is to predict the type of crime that is going to happen based on the crime hotspot detected for the given crime data with engineered spatial features. crime dataset is filtered to have the following 2 crime categories: crime against society, crime against person. Crime hotspots are detected by using the Novel Hierarchical density based Spatial Clustering of Application with Noise (HDBSCAN) Algorithm with the number of clusters optimized using silhouette score. The sample data consists of 501 crime incidents. Future types of crime for the given location are predicted by using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithms (N=5). The accuracy of crime prediction using Support Vector Machine classification algorithm is 94.01% and Convolutional Neural Network algorithm is 79.98% with the significance p-value of 0.033. The Support Vector Machine algorithm is significantly better in accuracy for prediction of type of crime than Convolutional Neural Network (CNN).

The technique of concealing a confidential information in a carrier information is known as steganography. When we use digital images as carriers, it is termed as image steganography. The advancements in digital technology and the need for information security have given great significance for image steganographic methods in the area of secured communication. An efficient steganographic system is characterized by a good trade-off between its features such as imperceptibility and capacity. The proposed scheme implements an edge-detection based adaptive steganography with transform domain embedding, offering high imperceptibility and capacity. The scheme employs an adaptive embedding technique to select optimal data-hiding regions in carrier image, using Canny edge detection and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Then, the secret image is embedded in the Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT) coefficients of the selected carrier image blocks, with the help of Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The analysis of the scheme is performed using metrics such as Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), and Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC).

Aiming at the problems of the traditional convolutional neural network (CNN), such as too many parameters, single scale feature and inefficiency by some useless features, a lightweight multi-scale network with attention is proposed for facial expression recognition. The network uses the lightweight convolutional neural network model Xception and combines with the convolutional block attention module (CBAM) to learn key facial features; In addition, depthwise separable convolution module with convolution kernel of 3 × 3, 5 × 5 and 7 × 7 are used to extract features of facial expression image, and the features are fused to expand the receptive field and obtain more rich facial feature information. Experiments on facial expression datasets Fer2013 and KDEF show that the expression recognition accuracy is improved by 2.14% and 2.18% than the original Xception model, and the results further verify the effectiveness of our methods.

Deep learning models have been successful and shown to perform better in terms of accuracy and efficiency for facial recognition applications. However, they require huge amount of data samples that were well annotated to be successful. Their data requirements have led to some complications which include increased processing demands of the systems where such systems were to be deployed. Reducing the training sample sizes of deep learning models is still an open problem. This paper proposes the reduction of the number of samples required by the convolutional neutral network used in training a facial recognition system using a new Facial Image Deviation Estimation and Image Selection Algorithm (FIDE-ISA). The algorithm was used to select appropriate facial image training samples incrementally based on their facial deviation. This will reduce the need for huge dataset in training deep learning models. Preliminary results indicated a 100% accuracy for models trained with 54 images (at least 3 images per individual) and above.

Multimedia Internet of Things (IoT) devices, especially, the smartphones are embedded with sensors including Global Positioning System (GPS), barometer, microphone, accelerometer, etc. These sensors working together, present a fairly complete picture of the citizens' daily activities, with implications for their privacy. With the internet, Citizens in Smart Cities are able to perform their daily life activities online with their connected electronic devices. But, unfortunately, computer hackers tend to write automated malicious applications to attack websites on which these citizens perform their activities. These security threats sometime put their private information at risk. In order to prevent these security threats on websites, Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHAs) are generated, as a form of security mechanism to protect the citizens' private information. But with the advancement of deep learning, text-based CAPTCHAs can sometimes be vulnerable. As a result, it is essential to conduct performance evaluation on the CAPTCHAs that are generated before they are deployed on multimedia web applications. Therefore, this work proposed an optimal and light-weight Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to solve both numerical and alpha-numerical complex text-based CAPTCHAs simultaneously. The accuracy of the proposed CNN model has been accelerated based on Cyclical Learning Rates (CLRs) policy. The proposed CLR-CNN model achieved a high accuracy to solve both numerical and alpha-numerical text-based CAPTCHAs of 99.87% and 99.66%, respectively. In real-time, we observed that the speed of the model has increased, the model is lightweight, stable, and flexible as compared to other CAPTCHA solving techniques. The result of this current work will increase awareness and will assist multimedia security Researchers to continue and develop more robust text-based CAPTCHAs with their security mechanisms capable of protecting the private information of citizens in Smart Cities.

With the developing of computer technology, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has made big development in both application region and research field. However, CAPTCHA (one Turing Test to tell difference between computer and human) technology is also widely used in many websites verification process and it has received great attention from researchers. In this essay, we introduced the CNN based on tensorflow framework and use the MINIST data set which is used in handwritten digit recognition to analyze the parameters and the structure of the CNN model. Moreover, we use different activation functions and compares them with different epochs. We also analyze many problems during the experiment to make the original data and the result more accurate.

Enhancement of the vanilla generative adversarial network (GAN) to preserve data variability in the presence of real world noise is of paramount significance in deep learning. In this study, we proposed a new distance metric of cosine distance in the framework of optimal transport (OT), and presented and validated a convolutional neural network (CNN) based GAN framework. In comparison with state-of-the-art methods based on Graphics Processing Units (GPU), the proposed framework could maintain the data diversity and quality best in terms of inception score (IS), Fréchet inception distance (FID) and enhancing the classification network of bone age, and is robust to noise degradation. The proposed framework is independent of hardware and thus could also be extended to more advanced hardware such as specialized Tensor Processing Units (TPU), and could be a potential built-in component of a general deep learning networks for such applications as image classification, segmentation, registration, and object detection.

Scene text detection methods have developed greatly in the past few years. However, due to the limitation of the diversity of the text background of natural scene, the previous methods often failed when detecting more complicated text instances (e.g., super-long text and arbitrarily shaped text). In this paper, a text detection method based on multi -channel bounding box fusion is designed to address the problem. Firstly, the convolutional neural network is used as the basic network for feature extraction, including shallow text feature map and deep semantic text feature map. Secondly, the whole convolutional network is used for upsampling of feature map and fusion of feature map at each layer, so as to obtain pixel-level text and non-text classification results. Then, two independent text detection boxes channels are designed: the boundary box regression channel and get the bounding box directly on the score map channel. Finally, the result is obtained by combining multi-channel boundary box fusion mechanism with the detection box of the two channels. Experiments on ICDAR2013 and ICDAR2015 demonstrate that the proposed method achieves competitive results in scene text detection.

Accidents in Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) can occur for a variety of causes. However, among these, the scale of accidents due to human error can be greater than expected. Accordingly, researches are being actively conducted using artificial intelligence to reduce human error. Most of the research shows high performance based on the numerical data on NPPs, but the expandability of researches using only numerical data is limited. Therefore, in this study, abnormal diagnosis was performed using artificial intelligence based on image data. The methods applied to abnormal diagnosis are the deep neural network, convolution neural network, and convolution recurrent neural network. Consequently, in nuclear power plants, it is expected that the application of more methodologies can be expanded not only in numerical data but also in image-based data.

The latest security methods are based on biometric features. The electrocardiogram is increasingly used in such systems because it provides biometric features that are difficult to falsify. This paper aims to study the use of the electrocardiogram together with the Convolutional Neural Networks, in order to identify the subjects based on the ECG signal and to improve the security. In this study, we used the Fantasia database, available on the PhysioNet platform, which contains 40 ECG recordings. The ECG signal is pre-processed, and then spectrograms are generated for each ECG signal. Spectrograms are applied to the input of several architectures of Convolutional Neural Networks like Inception-v3, Xception, MobileNet and NasNetLarge. An analysis of performance metrics reveals that the subject identification method based on ECG signal and CNNs provides remarkable results. The best accuracy value is 99.5% and is obtained for Inception-v3.

The power grid is considered to be the most critical piece of infrastructure in the United States because each of the other fifteen critical infrastructures, as defined by the Cyberse-curity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), require the energy sector to properly function. Due the critical nature of the power grid, the ability to detect anomalies in the power grid is of critical importance to prevent power outages, avoid damage to sensitive equipment and to maintain a working power grid. Over the past few decades, the modern power grid has evolved into a large Cyber Physical System (CPS) equipped with wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) and distributed control. As smart technology advances, the power grid continues to be upgraded with high fidelity sensors and measurement devices, such as phasor measurement units (PMUs), that can report the state of the system with a high temporal resolution. However, this influx of data can often become overwhelming to the legacy Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system, as well as, the power system operator. In this paper, we propose using a deep learning (DL) convolutional neural network (CNN) as a module within the Automatic Network Guardian for ELectrical systems (ANGEL) Digital Twin environment to detect physical faults in a power system. The presented approach uses high fidelity measurement data from the IEEE 9-bus and IEEE 39-bus benchmark power systems to not only detect if there is a fault in the power system but also applies the algorithm to classify which bus contains the fault.

In today's world, there is rapid progress in the field of artificial intelligence and image captioning. It becomes a fascinating task that has saw widespread interest. The task of image captioning comprises image description engendered based on the hybrid combination of deep learning, natural language processing, and various approaches of machine learning and computer vision. In this work authors emphasize on how the model generates a short description as an output of the input image using the functionalities of Deep Learning and Natural Language Processing, for helping visually impaired people, and can also be cast-off in various web sites to automate the generation of captions reducing the task of recitation with great ease.

In order to detect the objects on the water surface, a neural style learning algorithm is proposed in this paper. The algorithm uses the Gram matrix of a pre-trained convolutional neural network to represent the style of the texture in the image, which is originally used for image style transfer. The objects on the water surface can be easily distinguished by the difference in their styles of the image texture. The algorithm is tested on the dataset of the Airbus Ship Detection Challenge on Kaggle. Compared to the other water surface object detection algorithms, the proposed algorithm has a good precision of 0.925 with recall equals to 0.86.

Verification code recognition system based on convolutional neural network. In order to strengthen the network security defense work, this paper proposes a novel verification code recognition system based on convolutional neural network. The system combines Internet technology and big data technology, combined with advanced captcha technology, can prevent hackers from brute force cracking behavior to a certain extent. In addition, the system combines convolutional neural network, which makes the verification code combine numbers and letters, which improves the complexity of the verification code and the security of the user account. Based on this, the system uses threshold segmentation method and projection positioning method to construct an 8-layer convolutional neural network model, which enhances the security of the verification code input link. The research results show that the system can enhance the complexity of captcha, improve the recognition rate of captcha, and improve the security of user accounting.

Ensuring the network security, resists the malicious traffic attacks as much as possible, and ensuring the network security, the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) are combined. Then, a Software Defined Networking (SDN) anomaly detection architecture is built and continuously optimized to ensure network security as much as possible and enhance the reliability of the detection architecture. The results show that the proposed network architecture can greatly improve the accuracy of detection, and its performance will be different due to the different number of CNN layers. When the two-layer CNN structure is selected, its performance is the best among all algorithms. Especially, the accuracy of GRU- CNN-2 is 98.7%, which verifies that the proposed method is effective. Therefore, under deep learning, the utilization of GRU- CNN to explore and optimize the SDN anomaly detection is of great significance to ensure information transmission security in the future.

Steady-state response of the grid under a predefined set of credible contingencies is an important component of power system security assessment. With the growing complexity of electrical networks, fast and reliable methods and tools are required to effectively assist transmission grid operators in making decisions concerning system security procurement. In this regard, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based approach to develop prediction models for static security assessment under N-1 contingency is investigated in this paper. The CNN model is trained and applied to classify the security status of a sample system according to given node voltage magnitudes, and active and reactive power injections at network buses. Considering a set of performance metrics, the superior performance of the CNN alternative is demonstrated by comparing the obtained results with a support vector machine classifier algorithm.

The proliferation of malware attacks causes a hindrance to cybersecurity thus, posing a significant threat to our devices. The variety and number of both known as well as unknown malware makes it difficult to detect it. Research suggests that the ramifications of malware are only becoming worse with time and hence malware analysis becomes crucial. This paper proposes a visual malware classification technique to convert malware executables into their visual representations and obtain grayscale images of malicious files. These grayscale images are then used to classify malicious files into their respective malware families by passing them through deep convolutional neural networks (CNN). As part of deep CNN, we use various ImageNet models and compare their performance.

The inference results of neural network accelerators often involve personal privacy or business secrets in intelligent systems. It is important for the safety of convolutional neural network (CNN) accelerator to prevent the key data and inference result from being leaked. The latest CNN models have started to combine with fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), ensuring the data security. However, the computational complexity, data storage overhead, inference time are significantly increased compared with the traditional neural network models. This paper proposed a lightweight FHE scheme on fully-connected layer for CNN hardware accelerator to achieve security inference, which not only protects the privacy of inference results, but also avoids excessive hardware overhead and great performance degradation. Compared with state-of-the-art works, this work reduces computational complexity by approximately 90% and decreases ciphertext size by 87%∼95%.

To deal with the increasingly serious threat of industrial information malicious code, the simulations and characteristics of the domestic security and controllable operating system and office software were implemented in the virtual sandbox environment based on virtualization technology in this study. Firstly, the serialization detection scheme based on the convolution neural network algorithm was improved. Then, the API sequence was modeled and analyzed by the improved convolution neural network algorithm to excavate more local related information of variant sequences. Finally the variant detection of malicious code was realized. Results showed that this improved method had higher efficiency and accuracy for a large number of malicious code detection, and could be applied to the malicious code detection in security and controllable operating system.

Sound plays a key role in human life and therefore sound recognition system has a great future ahead. Sound classification and identification system has many applications such as system for personal security, critical surveillance, etc. The main aim of this paper is to detect and classify the security sound event using the surveillance camera systems with integrated microphone based on the generated spectrograms of the sounds. This will enable to track security events in cases of emergencies. The goal is to propose a security system to accurately detect sound events and make a better security sound event detection system. We propose to use a convolutional neural network (CNN) to design the security sound detection system to detect a security event with minimal sound. We used the spectrogram images to train the CNN. The neural network was trained using different security sounds data which was then used to detect security sound events during testing phase. We used two datasets for our experiment training and testing datasets. Both the datasets contain 3 different sound events (glass break, gun shots and smoke alarms) to train and test the model, respectively. The proposed system yields the good accuracy for the sound event detection even with minimum available sound data. The designed system achieved accuracy was 92% and 90% using CNN on training dataset and testing dataset. We conclude that the proposed sound classification framework which using the spectrogram images of sounds can be used efficiently to develop the sound classification and recognition systems.

Network intrusion detection is an important research direction of network security. The diversification of network intrusion mode and the increasing amount of network data make the traditional detection methods can not meet the requirements of the current network environment. The development of deep learning technology and its successful application in the field of artificial intelligence provide a new solution for network intrusion detection. In this paper, the convolutional neural network in deep learning is applied to network intrusion detection, and an intelligent detection model which can actively learn is established. The experiment on KDD99 data set shows that it can effectively improve the accuracy and adaptive ability of intrusion detection, and has certain effectiveness and advancement.