Biblio

Han et al. proposed a hybrid authentication scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). In Han et al.'s scheme, senders' identities will be exposed in the verification process. Therefore, in this work, we proposed a privacy-preserving hybrid authentication scheme based on pseudo-IDs and signcryption for VANET. The proposed scheme provides a secure authentication protocol for messages transmission between vehicles and RSUs. Comparing to existing VANET-based hybrid authentication scheme, our proposed scheme has enhancing privacy and higher efficiency.

The paper reviews the issue of secure routing in unmanned vehicle ad-hoc networks. Application of the Blockchain technology for routing and authentication information storage and distribution is proposed. A blockchain with the floating genesis block is introduced to solve problems associated with blockchain size growth in the systems using transactions with limited lifetime.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are a subset of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). They are deployed to introduce the ability of inter-communication among vehicles in order to guarantee safety and provide services for people while driving. VANETs are exposed to many types of attacks like denial of service, spoofing, ID disclosure and Sybil attacks. In this paper, a novel lightweight approach for preventing Sybil attack in VANETs is proposed. The presented protocol scheme uses symmetric key encryption and authentication between Road Side Units (RSUs) and vehicles on the road so that no malicious vehicle could gain more than one identity inside the network. This protocol does not need managers for Road Side Units (RSUs) or Certification Authority (CA) and uses minimum amount of messages exchanged with RSU making the scheme efficient and effective.

Nowadays, Vehicular ad hoc network confronts many challenges in terms of security and privacy, due to the fact that data transmitted are diffused in an open access environment. However, highest of drivers want to maintain their information discreet and protected, and they do not want to share their confidential information. So, the private information of drivers who are distributed in this network must be protected against various threats that may damage their privacy. That is why, confidentiality, integrity and availability are the important security requirements in VANET. This paper focus on security threat in vehicle network especially on the availability of this network. Then we regard the rational attacker who decides to lead an attack based on its adversary's strategy to maximize its own attack interests. Our aim is to provide reliability and privacy of VANET system, by preventing attackers from violating and endangering the network. to ensure this objective, we adopt a tree structure called attack tree to model the attacker's potential attack strategies. Also, we join the countermeasures to the attack tree in order to build attack-defense tree for defending these attacks.

Wireless Sensor Network is the combination of small devices called sensor nodes, gateways and software. These nodes use wireless medium for transmission and are capable to sense and transmit the data to other nodes. Generally, WSN composed of two types of nodes i.e. generic nodes and gateway nodes. Generic nodes having the ability to sense while gateway nodes are used to route that information. IoT now extended to IoET (internet of Everything) to cover all electronics exist around, like a body sensor networks, VANET's, smart grid stations, smartphone, PDA's, autonomous cars, refrigerators and smart toasters that can communicate and share information using existing network technologies. The sensor nodes in WSN have very limited transmission range as well as limited processing speed, storage capacities and low battery power. Despite a wide range of applications using WSN, its resource constrained nature given birth to a number severe security attacks e.g. Selective Forwarding attack, Jamming-attack, Sinkhole attack, Wormhole attack, Sybil attack, hello Flood attacks, Grey Hole, and the most dangerous BlackHole Attacks. Attackers can easily exploit these vulnerabilities to compromise the WSN network.

In the near future, vehicular cloud will help to improve traffic safety and efficiency. Unfortunately, a computing of vehicular cloud and fog cloud faced a set of challenges in security, authentication, privacy, confidentiality and detection of misbehaving vehicles. In addition to, there is a need to recognize false messages from received messages in VANETs during moving on the road. In this work, the security issues and challenges for computing in the vehicular cloud over for computing is studied.

With the advancement of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), 3D wireless mesh networks will play a crucial role in next generation mission critical wireless networks. Along with providing coverage over difficult terrain, it provides better spectral utilization through 3D spatial reuse. However, being a wireless network, 3D meshes are vulnerable to jamming/disruptive attacks. A jammer can disrupt the communication, as well as control of the network by intelligently causing interference to a set of nodes. This paper presents a distributed mechanism of avoiding jamming attacks by means of 3D spatial filtering where adaptive beam nulling is used to keep the jammer in null region in order to bypass jamming. Kalman filter based tracking mechanism is used to estimate the most likely trajectory of the jammer from noisy observation of the jammer's position. A beam null border is determined by calculating confidence region of jammer's current and next position estimates. An optimization goal is presented to calculate optimal beam null that minimizes the number of deactivated links while maximizing the higher value of confidence for keeping the jammer inside the null. The survivability of a 3D mesh network with a mobile jammer is studied through simulation that validates an 96.65% reduction in the number of jammed nodes.

Secure routing over VANET is a major issue due to its high mobility environment. Due to dynamic topology, routes are frequently updated and also suffers from link breaks due to the obstacles i.e. buildings, tunnels and bridges etc. Frequent link breaks can cause packet drop and thus result in degradation of network performance. In case of VANETs, it becomes very difficult to identify the reason of the packet drop as it can also occur due to the presence of a security threat. VANET is a type of wireless adhoc network and suffer from common attacks which exist for mobile adhoc network (MANET) i.e. Denial of Services (DoS), Black hole, Gray hole and Sybil attack etc. Researchers have already developed various security mechanisms for secure routing over MANET but these solutions are not fully compatible with unique attributes of VANET i.e. vehicles can communicate with each other (V2V) as well as communication can be initiated with infrastructure based network (V2I). In order to secure the routing for both types of communication, there is need to develop a solution. In this paper, a method for secure routing is introduced which can identify as well as eliminate the existing security threat.

Secure deployment of a vehicular network depends on the network's trust establishment and privacy-preserving capability. In this paper, we propose a scheme for anonymous pseudonym-renewal and pseudonymous authentication for vehicular ad-hoc networks over a data-centric Internet architecture called Named Data networking (NDN). We incorporated our design in a traffic information sharing demo application and deployed it on Raspberry Pi-based miniature cars for evaluation.

VANET network is a new technology on which future intelligent transport systems are based; its purpose is to develop the vehicular environment and make it more comfortable. In addition, it provides more safety for drivers and cars on the road. Therefore, we have to make this technology as secured as possible against many threats. As VANET is a subclass of MANET, it has inherited many security problems but with a different architecture and DOS attacks are one of them. In this paper, we have focused on DOS attacks that prevent users to receive the right information at the right moment. We have analyzed DOS attacks behavior and effects on the network using different mathematical models in order to find an efficient solution.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) enable vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications that bring many benefits and conveniences to improve the road safety and drive comfort in future transportation systems. Sybil attack is considered one of the most risky threats in VANETs since a Sybil attacker can generate multiple fake identities with false messages to severely impair the normal functions of safety-related applications. In this paper, we propose a novel Sybil attack detection method based on Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Voiceprint, to conduct a widely applicable, lightweight and full-distributed detection for VANETs. To avoid the inaccurate position estimation according to predefined radio propagation models in previous RSSI-based detection methods, Voiceprint adopts the RSSI time series as the vehicular speech and compares the similarity among all received time series. Voiceprint does not rely on any predefined radio propagation model, and conducts independent detection without the support of the centralized infrastructure. It has more accurate detection rate in different dynamic environments. Extensive simulations and real-world experiments demonstrate that the proposed Voiceprint is an effective method considering the cost, complexity and performance.

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a form of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) wireless communication between vehicles, which is characterized by the high mobility. In practice, VANET can be utilized to cater connections via multi-hop communication between vehicles to provide traffic information seamlessly, such as traffic jam and traffic accident, without the need of dedicated centralized infrastructure. Although dedicated infrastructures may also be involved in VANET, such as Road Side Units (RSUs), most of the time VANET relies solely on Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, which makes it vulnerable to several potential attacks in P2P based communication, as there are no trusted authorities that provide authentication and security. One of the potential threats is a Sybil attack, wherein an adversary uses a considerable number of forged identities to illegitimately infuse false or biased information which may mislead a system into making decisions benefiting the adversary. Avoiding Sybil attacks in VANET is a difficult problem, as there are typically no trusted authorities that provide cryptographic assurance of Sybil resilience. This paper presents a technique to detect and mitigate Sybil attacks, which requires no dedicated infrastructure, by utilizing just V2V communication. The proposed method work based on underlying assumption that says the mobility of vehicles in high vehicle density and the limited transmission power of the adversary creates unique groups of vehicle neighbors at a certain time point, which can be calculated in a statistical fashion providing a temporal and spatial analysis to verify real and impersonated vehicle identities. The proposed method also covers the mitigation procedures to create a trust model and announce neighboring vehicles regarding the detected tempered identities in a secure way utilizing Diffie-Hellman key distribution. This paper also presents discussions concerning the proposed approach with regard to benefits and drawbacks of sparse road condition and other potential threats.

In this paper, we propose a new Blockchain-based message and revocation accountability system called Blackchain. Combining a distributed ledger with existing mechanisms for security in V2X communication systems, we design a distributed event data recorder (EDR) that satisfies traditional accountability requirements by providing a compressed global state. Unlike previous approaches, our distributed ledger solution provides an accountable revocation mechanism without requiring trust in a single misbehavior authority, instead allowing a collaborative and transparent decision making process through Blackchain. This makes Blackchain an attractive alternative to existing solutions for revocation in a Security Credential Management System (SCMS), which suffer from the traditional disadvantages of PKIs, notably including centralized trust. Our proposal becomes scalable through the use of hierarchical consensus: individual vehicles dynamically create clusters, which then provide their consensus decisions as input for road-side units (RSUs), which in turn publish their results to misbehavior authorities. This authority, which is traditionally a single entity in the SCMS, responsible for the integrity of the entire V2X network, is now a set of authorities that transparently perform a revocation, whose result is then published in a global Blackchain state. This state can be used to prevent the issuance of certificates to previously malicious users, and also prevents the authority from misbehaving through the transparency implied by a global system state.

In recent years, cyber security oriented research is paying much close attention on Vehicular Adhoc NETworks (VANETs). However, existing vehicular networks do not meet current security requirements. Typically for dynamic networks, maximal decentralization and rapidly changing topology of moving hosts form a number of security issues associated with ensuring access control of hosts, security policy enforcement, and resistance of the routing methods. To solve these problems generally, the paper reviews SDN (software defined networks) based network security architectures of VANET. The following tasks are solved in our work: composing of network security architectures for SDN-VANET (architecture with the central control and shared security servers, decentralized (zoned) architecture, hierarchical architecture); implementation of these architectures in virtual modeling environment; and experimental study of effectiveness of the suggested architectures. With large-scale vehicular networks, architectures with multiple SDN controllers are most effective. In small networks, the architecture with the central control also significantly outperforms the traditional VANET architecture. For the suggested architectures, three control modes are discussed in the paper: central, distributed and hybrid modes. Unlike common architectures, all of the proposed security architectures allow us to establish a security policy in m2m-networks and increase resistance capabilities of self-organizing networks.

Because of the nature of vehicular communications, security is a crucial aspect, involving the continuous development and analysis of the existing security architectures and punctual theoretical and practical aspects that have been proposed and are in need of continuous updates and integrations with newer technologies. But before an update, a good knowledge of the current aspects is mandatory. Identifying weaknesses and anticipating possible risks of vehicular communication networks through a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) represent an important aspect of the security analysis process and a valuable step in finding efficient security solutions for all kind of problems that might occur in these systems.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are taking more attention from both the academia and the automotive industry due to a rapid development of wireless communication technologies. And with this development, vehicles called connected cars are increasingly being equipped with more sensors, processors, storages, and communication devices as they start to provide both infotainment and safety services through V2X communication. Such increase of vehicles is also related to the rise of security attacks and potential security threats. In a vehicular environment, security is one of the most important issues and it must be addressed before VANETs can be widely deployed. Conventional VANETs have some unique characteristics such as high mobility, dynamic topology, and a short connection time. Since an attacker can launch any unexpected attacks, it is difficult to predict these attacks in advance. To handle this problem, we propose collaborative security attack detection mechanism in a software-defined vehicular networks that uses multi-class support vector machine (SVM) to detect various types of attacks dynamically. We compare our security mechanism to existing distributed approach and present simulation results. The results demonstrate that the proposed security mechanism can effectively identify the types of attacks and achieve a good performance regarding high precision, recall, and accuracy.

Vehicular ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) have been promoted as a key technology that can provide a wide variety of services such as traffic management, passenger safety, as well as travel convenience and comfort. VANETs are now proposed to be part of the upcoming Fifth Generation (5G) technology, integrated with Software Defined Networking (SDN), as key enabler of 5G. The technology of fog computing in 5G turned out to be an adequate solution for faster processing in delay sensitive application, such as VANETs, being a hybrid solution between fully centralized and fully distributed networks. In this paper, we propose a three-way integration between VANETs, SDN, and 5G for a resilient VANET security design approach, which strikes a good balance between network, mobility, performance and security features. We show how such an approach can secure VANETs from different types of attacks such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) targeting either the controllers or the vehicles in the network, and how to trace back the source of the attack. Our evaluation shows the capability of the proposed system to enforce different levels of real-time user-defined security, while maintaining low overhead and minimal configuration.

Most of the existing authentication protocols are based on either asymmetric cryptography like public-key infrastructure (PKI) or symmetric cryptography. The PKI-based authentication protocols are strongly recommended for solving security issues in VANETs. However, they have following shortcomings: (1) lengthy certificates lead to transmission and computation overheads, and (2) lack of privacy-preservation due to revealing of vehicle identity, communicated in broadcasting safety-message. Symmetric cryptography based protocols are faster because of a single secret key and simplicity; however, it does not ensure non-repudiation. In this paper, we present an Efficient, Scalable and Privacy-preserving Authentication (ESPA) protocol for secure vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The protocol employs hybrid cryptography. In ESPA, the asymmetric PKI based pre-authentication and the symmetric hash message authentication code (HMAC) based authentication are adopted during vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications, respectively. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate proposed ESPA protocol and compared with the existing work based on PKI and HMAC. The performance analysis showed that ESPA is more efficient, scalable and privacy-preserving secured protocol than the existing work.

Many technologies have been developed to provide effective opportunities to enhance the safety of roads and improve transportation system. In face of that, the concept of Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANET) was introduced to provide intelligent transportation systems. In this work, we propose the use of an OBD Bluetooth adapter and a smartphone to gather data from two cars, then we analyze the relationships between RPM and speed data to identify if this reflects the vehicle's current gear. As a result, we found a coefficient that indicates the behavior of each gear along the time in a trace. We conclude that these analysis, although in the beginning, suggests a way to determine the gear state. Therefore, many services can be developed using this information as, recommendation of gear shift time, eco-driving support, security patterns and entertainment applications.

Vehicle localization is important in many applications of vehicular networks. The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been critical for vehicle localization. However, the case where the GPS is spoofed through a false data injection attack can be lead to devastating consequences, especially in localization solutions that make use of cooperation among multiple vehicles. Hence, resilient localization algorithms are needed that can achieve a baseline of performance in the case of a false data injection attack. This poster presents preliminary results of an inter-vehicle communication assisted localization algorithm that is resilient to false data injection attacks for the vehicles not directly attacked. The algorithm makes use of V2V and V2I communication – along with on-board GPS receiver, odometer, and compass – to achieve precise localization results.

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) provides infrastructure less, rapidly deployable, self-configurable network connectivity. The network is the collection vehicles interlinked by wireless links and willing to store and forward data for their peers. As vehicles move freely and organize themselves arbitrarily, message routing is done dynamically based on network connectivity. Compared with other ad-hoc networks, VANETs are particularly challenging due to the part of the vehicles' high rate of mobility and the numerous signal-weakening barrier, such as buildings, in their environments. Due to their enormous potential, VANET have gained an increasing attention in both industry and academia. Research activities range from lower layer protocol design to applications and implementation issues. A secure VANET system, while exchanging information should protect the system against unauthorized message injection, message alteration, eavesdropping. The security of VANET is one of the most critical issues because their information transmission is propagated in open access (wireless) environments. A few years back VANET has received increased attention as the potential technology to enhance active and preventive safety on the road, as well as travel comfort Safekeeping and privacy are mandatory in vehicular communications for a grateful acceptance and use of such technology. This paper is an attempt to highlight the problems occurred in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks and security issues.

In this paper we introduce PADAVAN, a novel anonymous data collection scheme for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). PADAVAN allows users to submit data anonymously to a data consumer while preventing adversaries from submitting large amounts of bogus data. PADAVAN is comprised of an n-times anonymous authentication scheme, mix cascades and various principles to protect the privacy of the submitted data itself. Furthermore, we evaluate the effectiveness of limiting an adversary to a fixed amount of messages.

Aside from massive advantages in safety and convenience on the road, Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) introduce security risks to the users. Proposals of new security concepts to counter these risks are challenging to verify because of missing real world implementations of VANETs. To fill this gap, we introduce VANETsim, an event-driven simulation platform, specifically designed to investigate application-level privacy and security implications in vehicular communications. VANETsim focuses on realistic vehicular movement on real road networks and communication between the moving nodes. A powerful graphical user interface and an experimentation environment supports the user when setting up or carrying out experiments.

As the cornerstone of the future intelligent transportation system, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have attracted intensive attention from the academic and industrial research communities in recent years. For widespread deployment of VANETs, security and privacy issues must be addressed properly. In this paper, we introduce the notion of pseudonym-based cryptography, and present a provable secure pseudonym-based cryptosystems with a trusted authority that includes a pseudonym-based multi-receiver encryption scheme, a pseudonym-based signature scheme, and a pseudonym-based key establishment protocol. We then propose a secure and efficient data access scheme for VANETs based on cooperative caching technology and our proposed pseudonym-based cryptosystems. On the one hand, the efficiency of data access are greatly improved by allowing the sharing and coordination of cached data among multiple vehicles. On the other hand, anonymity of the vehicles, data confidentiality, integrity and non-repudiation are guaranteed by employing our proposed pseudonym-based cryptosystems. Simulation results have shown that our proposed pseudonym-based cryptosystems are suitable to the VANETs environment.