Biblio

The Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) in use today on the Internet to secure communications has several drawbacks arising from its centralised and non-transparent design. In the past there has been instances of certificate authorities publishing rogue certificates for targeted attacks, and this has been difficult to immediately detect as certificate authorities are not transparent about the certificates they issue. Furthermore, the centralised selection of trusted certificate authorities by operating system and browser vendors means that it is not practical to untrust certificate authorities that have issued rogue certificates, as this would disrupt the TLS process for many other hosts. SCPKI is an alternative PKI system based on a decentralised and transparent design using a web-of-trust model and a smart contract on the Ethereum blockchain, to make it easily possible for rogue certificates to be detected when they are published. The web-of-trust model is designed such that an entity or authority in the system can verify (or vouch for) fine-grained attributes of another entity's identity (such as company name or domain name), as an alternative to the centralised certificate authority identity verification model.

Lehigh University has set a goal to implement System Center Configuration Manager by the end of 2017. This project is being spearheaded by one of our Senior Computing Consultants who has been researching and trained in the Microsoft Virtualization stack. We will discuss our roadmaps, results from our proof-of-concept environments, and discussions in driving this project.

SDN is a new network architecture for control and data forwarding logic separation, able to provide a high degree of openness and programmability, with many advantages not available by traditional networks. But there are still some problems unsolved, for example, it is easy to cause the controller to be attacked due to the lack of verifying the source of the packet, and the limited range of match fields cannot meet the requirement of the precise control of network services etc. Aiming at the above problems, this paper proposes a SDN network security control forwarding mechanism based on cipher identification, when packets flow into and out of the network, the forwarding device must verify their source to ensure the user's non-repudiation and the authenticity of packets. Besides administrators control the data forwarding based on cipher identification, able to form network management and control capabilities based on human, material, business flow, and provide a new method and means for the future of Internet security.

Vehicular ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) have been promoted as a key technology that can provide a wide variety of services such as traffic management, passenger safety, as well as travel convenience and comfort. VANETs are now proposed to be part of the upcoming Fifth Generation (5G) technology, integrated with Software Defined Networking (SDN), as key enabler of 5G. The technology of fog computing in 5G turned out to be an adequate solution for faster processing in delay sensitive application, such as VANETs, being a hybrid solution between fully centralized and fully distributed networks. In this paper, we propose a three-way integration between VANETs, SDN, and 5G for a resilient VANET security design approach, which strikes a good balance between network, mobility, performance and security features. We show how such an approach can secure VANETs from different types of attacks such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) targeting either the controllers or the vehicles in the network, and how to trace back the source of the attack. Our evaluation shows the capability of the proposed system to enforce different levels of real-time user-defined security, while maintaining low overhead and minimal configuration.

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack has been bringing serious security concerns on banks, finance incorporation, public institutions, and data centers. Also, the emerging wave of Internet of Things (IoT) raises new concerns on the smart devices. Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) have provided a new paradigm for network security. In this paper, we propose a new method to efficiently prevent DDoS attacks, based on a SDN/NFV framework. To resolve the problem that normal packets are blocked due to the inspection on suspicious packets, we developed a threshold-based method that provides a client with an efficient, fast DDoS attack mitigation. In addition, we use open source code to develop the security functions in order to implement our solution for SDN-based network security functions. The source code is based on NETCONF protocol [1] and YANG Data Model [2].

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) comprise of independent ambulant nodes with no any stable infrastructure. All mobile nodes are co-operatively transfer their data packets to different mobile nodes in the network. Mobile nodes are depends on intermediate nodes when transmission range beyond limit i.e. multi hop network. As MANET is a highly dynamic network, mobile nodes can leave and join a network at anytime. Security is the biggest issue in MANET as MANET is infrastructure-less and autonomous. In MANET, correspondence between two mobile nodes is performed by routing protocols wherein every versatile node can make directly communication with other versatile node. In the event that both portable nodes are inside a transmission range of each other, then they can straightforwardly make communication with each other. Otherwise, transmission is done through the intermediate node. The nature of its wireless nature is also additionally turns into the purpose of its greatest vulnerability. In this manner, diminishing the confidence level of the system as it appropriate to availability, integrity, reliability and privacy concerns. There are different routing protocols for providing security that are designed based on various cryptographic techniques. To obtain a rapid knowledge of security design, we are giving a review on different cryptographic techniques to secure MANET. In this review, we presents security techniques and protocols related to cryptographic techniques.

This paper investigates the secrecy performance of full-duplex relay mode in underlay cognitive radio networks using decode-and-forward relay selection. The analytical results prove that full-duplex mode can guarantee security under critical conditions such as the bad residual self-interference and the presence of hi-tech eavesdropper. The secrecy outage probability is derived based on the statistical characteristics of channels in this considered system. The system is examined under five circumferences: 1) Different values of primary network's desired outage probability; 2) Different values of primary transmitter's transmit power; 3) Applying of multiple relays selection; 4) Systems undergo path-loss during the transmission process; 5) Systems undergo self-interference in relays. Simulation results are presented to verify the analysis.

The inherent characteristics of Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) such as dynamic topology, limited bandwidth, limited power supply, infrastructure less network make themselves attractive for a wide spectrum of applications and vulnerable to security attacks. Sinkhole attack is the most disruptive routing layer attack. Sinkhole nodes attract all the traffic towards them to setup further active attacks such as Black hole, Gray hole and wormhole attacks. Sinkhole nodes need to be isolated from the MANET as early as possible. In this paper, an effective mechanism is proposed to prevent and detect sinkhole and wormhole attacks in MANET. The proposed work detects and punishes the attacker nodes using different techniques such as node collusion technique, which classifies a node as an attacker node only with the agreement with the neighboring nodes. When the node suspects the existence of attacker or sinkhole node in the path, it joins together with neighboring nodes to determine the sinkhole node. In the prevention of routing attacks, the proposed system introduces a route reserve method; new routes learnt are updated in the routing table of the node only after ensuring that the route does not contain the attacker nodes. The proposed system effectively modifies Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector (AODV) with the ability to detect and prevent the sinkhole and wormhole attack, so the modified protocol is named as Attack Aware Alert (A3AODV). The experiments are carried out in NS2 simulator, and the result shows the efficiency in terms of packet delivery ratio and routing overhead.

Vehicular ad hoc network is based on MANET all the vehicle to vehicle and vehicle roadside are connected to the wireless sensor network. In this paper mainly discuss on the security in the VANET in the lightweight cloud environment. Moving vehicle on the roadside connected through the sensor nodes and to provide communication between the vehicles and directly connected to the centralized environment. We propose a new approach to share the information in the VANET networks in secure manner through cloud.

For industrial control systems, ensuring the software integrity of their devices is a key security requirement. A pure software-based attestation solution is highly desirable for protecting legacy field devices that lack hardware root of trust (e.g., Trusted Platform Module). However, for the large population of field devices with ARM processors, existing software-based attestation schemes either incur long attestation time or are insecure. In this paper, we design a novel memory stride technique that significantly reduces the attestation time while remaining secure against known attacks and their advanced variants on ARM platform. We analyze the scheme's security and performance based on the formal framework proposed by Armknecht et al. [7] (with a necessary change to ensure its applicability in practical settings). We also implement memory stride on two models of real-world power grid devices that are widely deployed today, and demonstrate its superior performance.

Cyber-physical systems connect the physical world and the information world by sensors and actuators. These sensors are usually small embedded systems which have many limitations on wireless communication, computing and storage. This paper proposes a lightweight coding method for secure and reliable transmission over a wireless communication links in cyber-physical systems. The reliability of transmission is provided by forward error correction. And to ensure the confidentiality, we utilize different encryption matrices at each time of coding which are generated by the sequence number of packets. So replay attacks and other cyber threats can be resisted simultaneously. The issues of the prior reliable transmission protocols and secure communication protocols in wireless networks of a cyber-physical system are reduced, such as large protocol overhead, high interaction delay and large computation cost.

Unattended Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) are usually deployed in human-hostile environments. Such architectures raise a challenge to data protection for two main reasons. First, sensors have limited capacities in terms of performance and memory, so not all cryptographic mechanisms can be applied. Moreover, the measurements cannot be immediately gathered, so they have to be kept inside the devices until a mobile sink comes to collect them. This paper introduces a new method for secure and resilient data protection inside UWSN. It is based on a lightweight fragmentation scheme that transforms data collected by a sensor into multiple secure fragments that are distributed over sensor's neighboring nodes in a way that only a certain amount of these fragments is required for data recovery. Moreover, data security is reinforced by the use of a dynamic key refreshed after each visit of the mobile sink. Authentication and integrity information are dispersed within the fragments to protected data from active attacks. Homomorphic properties of the algorithm allow to significantly reduce storage space inside the nodes. Performance and empirical security evaluation results show that the proposed scheme achieves a good trade-off between performance, data protection and memory occupation.

This paper describes biometric-based cryptographic techniques for providing confidential communications and strong, mutual and multifactor authentication on the Internet of Things. The described security techniques support the goals of universal access when users are allowed to select from multiple choice alternatives to authenticate their identities. By using a Biometric Authenticated Key Exchange (BAKE) protocol, user credentials are protected against phishing and Man-in-the-Middle attacks. Forward secrecy is achieved using a Diffie-Hellman key establishment scheme with fresh random values each time the BAKE protocol is operated. Confidentiality is achieved using lightweight cryptographic algorithms that are well suited for implementation in resource constrained environments, those limited by processing speed, limited memory and power availability. Lightweight cryptography can offer strong confidentiality solutions that are practical to implement in Internet of Things systems, where efficient execution, and small memory requirements and code size are required.

Recently, some papers that apply a multi-armed bandit algorithm for channel selection in a cognitive radio system have been reported. In those papers, channel selection based on Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) algorithm has been proposed. However, in those selection, secondary users are not allowed to transmit data over same channels at the same time. Moreover, they do not take security of wireless communication into account. In this paper, we propose secure channel selection methods based on UCB algorithm, taking secrecy capacity into account. In our model, secondary users can share same channel by using transmit time control or transmit power control. Our proposed methods lead to be secure against an eavesdropper compared to conventional channel selections based on only estimated channel availability. By computer simulation, we evaluate average system secrecy capacity. As a result, we show that our proposed channel selections improve average system secrecy capacity compared to conventional channel selection.

The area of secure compilation aims to design compilers which produce hardened code that can withstand attacks from low-level co-linked components. So far, there is no formal correctness criterion for secure compilers that comes with a clear understanding of what security properties the criterion actually provides. Ideally, we would like a criterion that, if fulfilled by a compiler, guarantees that large classes of security properties of source language programs continue to hold in the compiled program, even as the compiled program is run against adversaries with low-level attack capabilities. This paper provides such a novel correctness criterion for secure compilers, called trace-preserving compilation (TPC). We show that TPC preserves a large class of security properties, namely all safety hyperproperties. Further, we show that TPC preserves more properties than full abstraction, the de-facto criterion used for secure compilation. Then, we show that several fully abstract compilers described in literature satisfy an additional, common property, which implies that they also satisfy TPC. As an illustration, we prove that a fully abstract compiler from a typed source language to an untyped target language satisfies TPC.

The vision of smart environments, systems, and services is driven by the development of the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT devices produce large amounts of data and this data is used to make critical decisions in many systems. The data produced by these devices has to satisfy various security related requirements in order to be useful in practical scenarios. One of these requirements is data provenance which allows a user to trust the data regarding its origin and location. The low cost of many IoT devices and the fact that they may be deployed in unprotected spaces requires security protocols to be efficient and secure against physical attacks. This paper proposes a light-weight protocol for data provenance in the IoT. The proposed protocol uses physical unclonable functions (PUFs) to provide physical security and uniquely identify an IoT device. Moreover, wireless channel characteristics are used to uniquely identify a wireless link between an IoT device and a server/user. A brief security and performance analysis are presented to give a preliminary validation of the protocol.

In this paper, a novel secure information exchange scheme has been proposed for MIMO vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) through physical layer approach. In the scheme, a group of On Board Units (OBUs) exchange information with help of one Road Side Unit (RSU). By utilizing the key signal processing technique, i.e., Direction Rotation Alignment technique, the information to be exchanged of the two neighbor OBUs are aligned into a same direction to form summed signal at RSU or external eavesdroppers. With such summed signal, the RSU or the eavesdropper cannot recover the individual information from the OBUs. By regulating the transmission rate for each OBU, the information theoretic security could be achieved. The secrecy sum-rates of the proposed scheme are analyzed following the scheme. Finally, the numerical results are conducted to demonstrate the theoretical analysis.

A majority of today's mobile apps integrate web content of various kinds. Unfortunately, the interactions between app code and web content expose new attack vectors: a malicious app can subvert its embedded web content to steal user secrets; on the other hand, malicious web content can use the privileges of its embedding app to exfiltrate sensitive information such as the user's location and contacts. In this paper, we discuss security weaknesses of the interface between app code and web content through attacks, then introduce defenses that can be deployed without modifying the OS. Our defenses feature WIREframe, a service that securely embeds and renders external web content in Android apps, and in turn, prevents attacks between em- bedded web and host apps. WIREframe fully mediates the interface between app code and embedded web content. Un- like the existing web-embedding mechanisms, WIREframe allows both apps and embedded web content to define simple access policies to protect their own resources. These policies recognize fine-grained security principals, such as origins, and control all interactions between apps and the web. We also introduce WIRE (Web Isolation Rewriting Engine), an offline app rewriting tool that allows app users to inject WIREframe protections into existing apps. Our evaluation, based on 7166 popular apps and 20 specially selected apps, shows these techniques work on complex apps and incur acceptable end-to-end performance overhead.

Next generation 5G wireless networks pose several important security challenges. One fundamental challenge is key management between the two communicating parties. The goal is to establish a common secret key through an unsecured wireless medium. In this paper, we introduce a new physical layer paradigm for secure key exchange between the legitimate communication parties in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. The proposed method ensures secrecy via pre-equalization and guarantees reliable communications by the use of Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes. One of the main findings of this paper is to demonstrate through simulations that the diversity order of the eavesdropper will be zero unless the main and eavesdropping channels are almost correlated, while the probability of key mismatch between the legitimate transmitter and receiver will be low. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves very low secret key mismatch between the legitimate users, while ensuring very high error probability at the eavesdropper.

The rapid increase of connected devices and the major advances in information and communication technologies have led to great emergence in the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT devices require software adaptation as they are in continuous transition. Multi-agent based solutions offer adaptable composition for IoT systems. Mobile agents can also be used to enable interoperability and global intelligence with smart objects in the Internet of Things. The use of agents carrying personal data and the rapid increasing number of connected IoT devices require the use of security protocols to secure the user data. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Algorithm has emerged as an attractive and efficient public-key cryptosystem. We recommend the use of ECC in the proposed Broadcast based Secure Mobile Agent Protocol (BROSMAP) which is one of the most secure protocols that provides confidentiality, authentication, authorization, accountability, integrity and non-repudiation. We provide a methodology to improve BROSMAP to fulfill the needs of Multi-agent based IoT Systems in general. The new BROSMAP performs better than its predecessor and provides the same security requirements. We have formally verified ECC-BROSMAP using Scyther and compared it with BROSMAP in terms of execution time and computational cost. The effect of varying the key size on BROSMAP is also presented. A new ECC-based BROSMAP takes half the time of Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) 2048 BROSMAP and 4 times better than its equivalent RSA 3072 version. The computational cost was found in favor of ECC-BROSMAP which is more efficient by a factor of 561 as compared to the RSA-BROSMAP.

On account of large and inconsistent propagation delays during transmission in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs), wormholes bring more destructive than many attacks to localization applications. As a localization algorithm, DV-hop is classic but without secure scheme. A secure localization algorithm for UWSNs- RDV-HOP is brought out, which is based on reputation values and the constraints of propagation distance in UWSNs. In RDV-HOP, the anchor nodes evaluate the reputation of paths to other anchor nodes and broadcast these reputation values to the network. Unknown nodes select credible anchors nodes with high reputation to locate. We analyze the influence of the location accuracy with some parameters in the simulation experiments. The results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the location error under the wormhole attack.

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) is the backbone of modern mobile communication. SIM can be used to store a number of user sensitive information such as user contacts, SMS, banking information (some banking applications store user credentials on the SIM) etc. Unfortunately, the current SIM model has a major weakness. When the mobile device is lost, an adversary can simply steal a user's SIM and use it. He/she can then extract the user's sensitive information stored on the SIM. Moreover, The adversary can then pose as the user and communicate with the contacts stored on the SIM. This opens up the avenue to a large number of social engineering techniques. Additionally, if the user has provided his/her number as a recovery option for some accounts, the adversary can get access to them. The current methodology to deal with a stolen SIM is to contact your particular service provider and report a theft. The service provider then blocks the services on your SIM, but the adversary still has access to the data which is stored on the SIM. Therefore, a secure scheme is required to ensure that only legal users are able to access and utilize their SIM.

Mobile Ad hoc Network has a wide range of applications in military and civilian domains. It is generally assumed that the nodes are trustworthy and cooperative in routing protocols of MANETs viz. AODV, DSR etc. This assumption makes wireless ad hoc network more prone to interception and manipulation which further open possibilities of various types of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. In order to mitigate the effect of malicious nodes, a reputation based secure routing protocol is proposed in this paper. The basic idea of the proposed scheme is organize the network with 25 nodes which are deployed in a 5×5 grid structure. Each normal node in the network has a specific prime number, which acts as Node identity. A Backbone Network (BBN) is deployed in a 5×5 grid structure. The proposed scheme uses legitimacy value table and reputation level table maintained by backbone network in the network. These tables are used to provide best path selection after avoiding malicious nodes during path discovery. Based on the values collected in their legitimacy table & reputation level table backbone nodes separate and avoid the malicious nodes while making path between source and destination.

Wireless sensor network is a low cost network to solve many of the real world problems. These sensor nodes used to deploy in the hostile or unattended areas to sense and monitor the atmospheric situations such as motion, pressure, sound, temperature and vibration etc. The sensor nodes have low energy and low computing power, any security scheme for wireless sensor network must not be computationally complex and it should be efficient. In this paper we introduced a secure routing protocol for WSNs, which is able to prevent the network from DDoS attack. In our methodology we scan the infected nodes using the proposed algorithm and block that node from any further activities in the network. To protect the network we use intrusion prevention scheme, where specific nodes of the network acts as IPS node. These nodes operate in their radio range for the region of the network and scan the neighbors regularly. When the IPS node find a misbehavior node which is involves in frequent message passing other than UDP and TCP messages, IPS node blocks the infected node and also send the information to all genuine sender nodes to change their routes. All simulation work has been done using NS 2.35. After simulation the proposed scheme gives feasible results to protect the network against DDoS attack. The performance parameters have been improved after applying the security mechanism on an infected network.

Steganography is the science of hiding information to send secret messages using the carrier object known as stego object. Steganographic technology is based on three principles including security, robustness and capacity. In this paper, we present a digital image hidden by using the compressive sensing technology to increase security of stego image based on human visual system features. The results represent which our proposed method provides higher security in comparison with the other presented methods. Bit Correction Rate between original secret message and extracted message is used to show the accuracy of this method.