Biblio

Counterfeited products are a significant problem in both developed and developing countries and has become more critical as an aftermath of COVID-19, exclusively for drugs and medical equipment’s. In this paper, an innovative approach is proposed to resist counterfeiting which is based on the principles of Synthetic DNA. The proposed encryption approach has employed the distinctive features of synthetic DNA in amalgamation with DNA encryption to provide information security and functions as an anticounterfeiting method that ensures usability. The scheme’s security analysis and proof of concept are detailed. Scyther is used to carry out the formal analysis of the scheme, and all of the modeled assertions are verified without any attacks.

This study purpose was to examine the determinant factors that affect the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprise (MSME) merchants who had the intention to use Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) as a payment system. QRIS was expected to be applied by merchants to diminish the virus spread and keep the circulation of money safe; but there were not many merchants using the QRIS as a payment method. The factors MSME merchant might not use the QRIS were related to perceived usefulness, perceived security, perceived ease of use, and trust. The population was MSMEs in South Tangerang City who did not use QRIS yet and the population was unknown. Using the Lemeshow formula, obtained a sample of 115 people, and the sampling technique used purposive sampling. Then data were analyzed using multi-regression analysis and processed by SPSS. The results indicated that perceived usefulness and perceived security had a significant affect on trust, whereas trust and ease of use significant affect the intention to use QRIS. Moreover, trust was able to mediate the perceived usefulness to intention to use. Since ease of use had no significant affect on trust, then the mediation given by trust to perceived ease of use had no significant affect on intention to use.

The increasing number of vehicles registered demands for safe and secure carparks due to increase in vehicle theft. The current Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) systems is a single authentication system and hence it is not secure. Therefore, this research has developed a double authentication system by combing ANPR with a Quick Response (QR) code system to create ANPR-DAS that improves the security at a carpark. It has yielded an accuracy of up to 93% and prevents car theft at a car park.

The Internet is evolving everywhere and expanding its entity globally. The IoT(Internet of things) is a new and interesting concept introduced in this world of internet. Generally it is interconnected computing device which can be embedded in our daily routine objects through which we can send and receive data. It is beyond connecting computers and laptops only although it can connect billion of devices. It can be described as reliable method of communication that also make use of other technologies like wireless sensor, QR code etc. IoT (Internet of Things) is making everything smart with use of technology like smart homes, smart cities, smart watches. In this chapter, we will study the security algorithms in IoT (Internet of Things) which can be achieved with encryption process. In the world of IoT, data is more vulnerable to threats. So as to protect data integrity, data confidentiality, we have Light weight Encryption Algorithms like symmetric key cryptography and public key cryptography for secure IoT (Internet of Things) named as Secure IoT. Because it is not convenient to use full encryption algorithms that require large memory size, large program code and larger execution time. Light weight algorithms meet all resource constraints of small memory size, less execution time and efficiency. The algorithms can be measured in terms of key size, no of blocks and algorithm structure, chip size and energy consumption. Light Weight Techniques provides security to smart object networks and also provides efficiency. In Symmetric Key Cryptography, two parties can have identical keys but has some practical difficulty. Public Key Cryptography uses both private and public key which are related to each other. Public key is known to everyone while private key is kept secret. Public Key cryptography method is based on mathematical problems. So, to implement this method, one should have a great expertise.

An image hiding algorithm based on bit plane and two-dimensional code is proposed in this paper. The main characteristic of information hiding is to use the information redundant data of the existing image, to embed the information into these redundant data by the information hiding algorithm, or to partially replace redundant information with information to be embedded to achieve a visual invisible purpose. We first analyze the color index usage frequency of the block index matrix in the algorithm, and calculate the distance between the color of the block index matrix with only one color and the other color in the palette that is closest to the color. Then, the QR model and the compression model are applied to improve the efficiency. We compare the proposed model with the stateof-the-art models.

The majority of systems rely on user authentication on passwords, but passwords have so many weaknesses and widespread use that easily raise significant security concerns, regardless of their encrypted form. Users hold the same password for different accounts, administrators never check password files for flaws that might lead to a successful cracking, and the lack of a tight security policy regarding regular password replacement are a few problems that need to be addressed. The proposed research work aims at enhancing this security mechanism, prevent penetrations, password theft, and attempted break-ins towards securing computing systems. The selected solution approach is two-folded; it implements a two-factor authentication scheme to prevent unauthorized access, accompanied by Honeyword principles to detect corrupted or stolen tokens. Both can be integrated into any platform or web application with the use of QR codes and a mobile phone.

In Indonesia, there have been many certificates forgery happened. The lack of security system for the certificate and the difficulty in verification process toward the authenticity certificate become the main factor of the certificate forgery cases happen. The aim of this research is to improve the security system such digital signature and QR code to authenticate the authenticity certificate and to facilitate the user in verify their certificate and also to minimize the certificate forgery cases. The aim of this research is to improve the security system such digital signature and QR code to authenticate the authenticity certificate and to facilitate the user in verify their certificate and also to minimize the certificate forgery cases. The application is built in web system to facilitate the user to access it everywhere and any time. This research uses Research and Development method for problem analysis and to develop application using Software Development Life Cycle method with waterfall approach. Black box testing is chosen as testing method for each function in this system. The result of this research is creatcate application that’s designed to support the publishing and the verification of the electronic authenticity certificate by online. There are two main schemes in system: the scheme in making e-certificate and the scheme of verification QR Code. There is the electronic professional certificate application by applying digital signature and QR Code. It can publish e-certificate that can prevent from criminal action such certificate forgery, that’s showed in implementation and can be proven in test.

Security is a most concerning matter for client's data in today's emerging technological world in each field, like banking, management, retail, shopping, communication, education, etc. Arise in cyber-crime due to the black hat community, there is always a need for a better way to secure the client's sensitive information, Security is the key point in online banking as the threat of unapproved online access to a client's data is very significant as it ultimately danger to bank reputation. The more secure and powerful methods can allow a client to work with untrusted parties. Paper is focusing on how secure banking transaction system can work by using homomorphic encryption and steganography techniques. For data encryption NTRU, homomorphic encryption can be used and to hide details through the QR code, a cover image can be embed using steganography techniques.

A Quick Response (QR) Code is a type of barcode that can be read by the digital devices and which stores the information in a square-shaped. The QR Code readers can extract data from the patterns which are presented in the QR Code matrix. A QR Code can be acting as an attack vector that can harm indirectly. In such case a QR Code can carry malicious or phishing URLs and redirect users to a site which is well conceived by the attacker and pretends to be an authorized one. Once the QR Code is decoded the commands are triggered and executed, causing damage to information, operating system and other possible sequence the attacker expects to gain. In this paper, a new model for QR Code authentication and phishing detection has been presented. The proposed model will be able to detect the phishing and malicious URLs in the process of the QR Code validation as well as to prevent the user from validating it. The development of this application will help to prevent users from being tricked by the harmful QR Codes.

In this paper, we will describe the design and implementation of a secure payment system based on QR codes. These QR codes have been extensively used in recent years since they speed up the payment process and provide users with ultimate convenience. However, as convenient as they may sound, QR-based online payment systems are vulnerable to different types of attacks. Therefore, transaction processing needs to be secure enough to protect the integrity and confidentiality of every payment process. Moreover, the online payment system must provide authenticity for both the sender and receiver of each transaction. In this paper, the security of the proposed QR-based system is provided using visual cryptography. The proposed system consists of a mobile application and a payment gateway server that implements visual cryptography. The application provides a simple and user-friendly interface for users to carry out payment transactions in user-friendly secure environment.

A threat of eavesdropping display screen image of information device is caused by unintended EM leakage emanation. QR bar-code is capable of error correction, and its information is possibly read from a damaged screen image from EM leakage. A new design of QR bar-code proposed in this paper uses selected colors in consideration of correlation between the EM wave leakage and display color. Proposed design of QR bar-code keeps error correction of displayed image, and makes it difficult to read information on the eavesdropped image.

Quick response (QR) codes are currently used ubiq-uitously. Their interaction protocol design is initially unsecured. It forces users to scan QR codes, which makes it harder to differentiate a genuine code from a malicious one. Intruders can change the original QR code and make it fake, which can lead to phishing websites that collect sensitive data. The interaction model can be improved and made more secure by adding some modifications to the backend side of the application. This paper addresses the vulnerabilities of QR codes and recommends improvements in security design. Furthermore, two state-of-the-art algorithms, Digital Signature (DS) and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature (ECDS), are analytically compared to determine their strengths in QR code security.

This research presented a digital watermarking scheme using multi-level authentication for protecting QR code images in order to provide security and authenticity. This research focuses on the improved digital watermarking scheme for QR code security that can protect the confidentiality of the information stored in QR code images from the public. Information modification, malicious attack, and copyright violation may occur due to weak security and disclosure pattern of QR code. Digital watermarking can be a solution to reduce QR code imitation and increase QR code security and authenticity. The objectives of this research are to provide QR code image authentication and security, tamper localization, and recovery scheme on QR code images. This research proposed digital watermarking for QR code images based on multi-level authentication with Least Significant Bit (LSB) and SHA-256 hash function. The embedding and extracting watermark utilized region of Interest (ROI) and Region of Non-Interest (RONI) in the spatial domain for improving the depth and width of QR code application in the anti-counterfeiting field. The experiments tested the reversibility and robustness of the proposed scheme after a tempered watermarked QR code image. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme provides multi-level security, withstands tampered attacks and it provided high imperceptibility of QR code image.

IoT is an emerging technology in modern world of communication. As the usage of IoT devices is increasing in day to day life, the secure data communication in IoT environment is the major challenge. Especially, small sized Single-Board Computers (SBCs) or Microcontrollers devices are widely used to transfer data with another in IoT. Due to the less processing power and storage capabilities, the data acquired from these devices must be transferred very securely in order to avoid some ethical issues. There are many cryptography approaches are applied to transfer data between IoT devices, but there are obvious chances to suspect encrypted messages by eavesdroppers. To add more secure data transfer, steganography mechanism is used to avoid the chances of suspicion as another layer of security. Based on the capabilities of IoT devices, low complexity images are used to hide the data with different hiding algorithms. In this research study, the secret data is encoded through QR code and embedded in low complexity cover images by applying image to image hiding fashion. The encoded image is sent to the receiving device via the network. The receiving device extracts the QR code from image using secret key then decoded the original data. The performance measure of the system is evaluated by the image quality parameters mainly Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Normalized Coefficient (NC) and Security with maintaining the quality of contemporary IoT system. Thus, the proposed method hides the precious information within an image using the properties of QR code and sending it without any suspicion to attacker and competes with the existing methods in terms of providing more secure communication between Microcontroller devices in IoT environment.

Recently, phishing attacks have taking a new dimension with the addition of quick response code to phishing attacks vectors. Quick response code phishing attack is when an attacker lures its victims to voluntarily divulge personal information such as password, personal identification number, username and other information such as online banking details through the use of quick response code. This attack is on the rise as more and more people have adopted mobile phone usage not just for communication only but to perform transaction seamlessly. The ease of creation and use of quick response code has made it easily acceptable to both provider of goods and services and consumers. This attack is semantic as it exploits human vulnerabilities; as users can hardly know what is hidden in the quick response code before usage. This study reviewed various methodologies that earlier researcher have used to detect this semantic-based attack of phishing. The strength of each methodology, its weakness and general research gaps identified.

Two-Dimensional barcodes are used as data authentication storage tool on several cryptographic architectures. This article describes a novel meaningful image authentication method for data validation using the Meaningless Reversible Degradation concept and QR Codes. The system architecture use the Meaningless Reversible Degradation algorithm, systematic Reed-Solomon error correction codes, meaningful images, and QR Codes. The encoded images are the secret key for visual validation. The proposed work encodes any secret image file up to 3.892 Bytes and is decoded using data stored in a QR Code and a digital file retrieved through a wireless connection on a mobile device. The QR Code carries partially distorted and stream ciphered bits. The QR Code version is defined in conformity with the secret image file size. Once the QR Code data is decoded, the authenticating party retrieves a previous created Reed-Solomon redundancy file to correct the QR Code stored data. Finally, the secret image is decoded for user visual identification. A regular QR Code reader cannot decode any meaningful information when the QR Code is scanned. The presented cryptosystem improves the redundancy download file size up to 50% compared to a plaintext image transmission.

Using steganography for data hiding is becoming a main subject to ensure both information security and picture quality. Traditional steganography algorithms usually convert secret information into a binary string and embed it in the pixel data of the cover image. In order to ensure the information security as well as convenient transmission, this work studies the steganography algorithm of embedding the QR code containing secret information into the cover image, based on the JSteg algorithm. Secret messages with different sizes have been tested by many cover images and standard parameters have adopted to verify the efficiency. According to the experimental results, all the PSNR in a value that is greater than 47.6 dB. The proposed method has high security and more imperceptibility.

In this paper, Reversible data hiding using difference statistics technique incorporating QR codes was proposed. Here, Quick Response (QR) codes were employed as an additional feature and were hidden in the corners of the original image to direct to the hyperlink after authentication and then embedding the secret data bits was carried out. At the receiver side, when the QR codes were scanned by the user, the link to the webpage was accessed, and then the original image and the secret data bits were recovered by using the proposed reversible data hiding scheme. In the proposed scheme, the pixels of the cover image were scanned in row-major order fashion, and the differences between the adjacent pixels were computed, keeping the first pixel unaltered to maintain the size of the host and the difference image same. Now, the histogram was shifted towards the right or left to reduce the redundancy and then to embed the secret data bits were done. Due to the similarity exists between the pixel values, the difference between the host and the secret image reconstructs the marked image. The proposed scheme was carried out using MATLAB 2013. PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) and payload have been computed for various test images to validate the proposed scheme and found to be better than the available literature.

The objective of the project is to structure a portable application for inspecting and putting away information through a distributed storage administration. The information is remotely put away in the cloud. In some distributed storage frameworks, the cloud record may contain some touchy data. Scrambling the entire shared record doesn't permit different clients to get to it. In the current framework the client needs to use the biometric information to guarantee the character of the client and afterward a marking key will be checked which is to ensure the personality and security of the client. The principle downside of utilizing the biometric information is that it can't be coordinated precisely because of the elements that influence the difference in biometric information. A reference id made is naturally changed over to the QR code and it is checked utilizing a scanner and the specific record is downloaded. This record whenever erased or lost in the customer's inward stockpiling it very well may be recovered again from the cloud.

Government division may be a crucial portion of the nation's economy. Security of government inquire about substance from all sorts of dangers is basic not as it were for trade coherence but too for supporting the economy of the country as a entirety. With the digitization of conventional records, government substances experience troublesome issues, such as government capacity and access. Research office spend significant time questioning the specified information when getting to Government investigate substance subtle elements, but the gotten information are not fundamentally rectify, and get to is some of the time limited. On this premise, this think about proposes a investigate substance which utilize ciphertext-based encryption to guarantee information privacy and get to control of record subtle elements. The investigate head may scramble the put away data for accomplishing get to control and keeping information secure. In this manner AES Rijndael calculation is utilized for encryption. This guarantees security for the data and empowers Protection.

This paper presents the design and the verification of an efficient image protection method based on the QR code, which is a type of two-dimensional barcode widely used in various fields. For this purpose, we design a new image protection system consisting of a secure image generator and a secure image recognizer. One adds a new pre-processing block to the typical QR code generator and the other combines the existing QR code reader with a new post-processing block. The new architecture provides image de-identification. It is also flexible, allowing the use of text-based compression and encryption. We have implemented prototype applications for verifying the functions of the secure image generator and those of the secure image recognizer. As a result, it is shown that the proposed architecture can be used as a good solution for image privacy protection, especially in offline environments.

In order to solve the problems of inconvenient carrying and management of the access card used in the existing market access control system, a set of intelligent access control system based on DES encrypted two-dimensional code is designed. The system consists of Android smart phone, embedded access controller and server. By sending and receiving QR code via smart phone, access to the door is obtained, which realizes centralized management of office buildings, companies, senior office buildings, luxury residences and other middle and high-rise places, effectively preventing unauthorized people from entering the high security area. In order to ensure information security, the two-dimensional code is encrypted by DES algorithm. This system has the characteristics of low cost, high security and flexible operation. It is still blank in the application field and has certain promotion value.

Today’s rapidly changing world, is observing fast development of QR-code and Blockchain technologies. It is worth noting that these technologies have also received a boost for sharing. The user gets the opportunity to receive / send funds, issue invoices for payment and transfer, for example, Bitcoin using QR-code. This paper discusses the security of using the symbiosis of Blockchain and QR-code technologies, and the vulnerabilities that arise in this case. The following vulnerabilities were considered: fake QR generators, stickers for cryptomats, phishing using QR-codes, create Malicious QR-Codes for Hack Phones and Other Scanners. The possibility of creating the following malicious QR codes while using the QRGen tool was considered: SQL Injections, XSS (Cross-Site Scripting), Command Injection, Format String, XXE (XML External Entity), String Fuzzing, SSI (Server-Side Includes) Injection, LFI (Local File Inclusion) / Directory Traversal.

Instant messaging is an application that is widely used to communicate. Based on the wearesocial.com report, three of the five most used social media platforms are chat or instant messaging. Instant messaging was chosen for communication because it has security features in log in using a One Time Password (OTP) code, end-to-end encryption, and even two-factor authentication. However, instant messaging applications still have a vulnerability to account theft. This account theft occurs when the user loses his cellphone. Account theft can happen when a cellphone is locked or not. As a result of this account theft, thieves can read confidential messages and send fake news on behalf of the victim. In this research, instant messaging application security will be applied using hybrid encryption and two-factor authentication, which are made interrelated. Both methods will be implemented in 2 implementation designs. The implementation design is securing login and securing sending and receiving messages. For login security, QR Code implementation is sent via email. In sending and receiving messages, the message decryption process will be carried out when the user is authenticated using a fingerprint. Hybrid encryption as message security uses RSA 2048 and AES 128. Of the ten attempts to steal accounts that have been conducted, it is shown that the implementation design is proven to reduce the impact of account theft.

Image authentication techniques are basically used to check whether the received document is accurate or actual as it was transmitted by the source node or not. Image authentication ensures the integrity of the digital images and identify the ownership of the copyright of the digital images. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is method based on spatial domain which is used to extract important features from an image. SVD function decomposes an image into three matrices (U, S, V), the S matrix is a diagonal matrix constitutes singular values. These values are important features of that particular image. The quick response code features are utilized to create QR code from the extracted values. The evaluations produced represents that this designed method is better in producing authenticated image as compared to existing schemes.