Biblio

With the increasing of health awareness, the users become more and more interested in their daily health information and healthcare activities results from healthcare organizations. They always try to collect them together for better usage. Traditionally, the healthcare data is always delivered by paper format from the healthcare organizations, and it is not easy and convenient for data usage and management. They would have to translate these data on paper to digital version which would probably introduce mistakes into the data. It would be necessary if there is a secure and convenient method for electronic health data transferring between the users and the healthcare organizations. However, for the security and privacy problems, almost no healthcare organization provides a stable and full service for health data delivery. In this paper, we propose a secure and convenient method, QRStream, which splits original health data and loads them onto QR code frame streaming for the data transferring. The results shows that QRStream can transfer text health data smoothly with an acceptable performance, for example, transferring 10K data in 10 seconds.

The transmission of medical image data in an open network environment is subject to privacy issues including patient privacy and data leakage. In the past, image encryption and information-hiding technology have been used to solve such security problems. But these methodologies, in general, suffered from difficulties in retrieving original images. We present in this paper an algorithm to protect key regions in medical images. First, coefficient of variation is used to locate the key regions, a.k.a. the lesion areas, of an image; other areas are then processed in blocks and analyzed for texture complexity. Next, our reversible data-hiding algorithm is used to embed the contents from the lesion areas into a high-texture area, and the Arnold transformation is performed to protect the original lesion information. In addition to this, we use the ciphertext of the basic information about the image and the decryption parameter to generate the Quick Response (QR) Code to replace the original key regions. Consequently, only authorized customers can obtain the encryption key to extract information from encrypted images. Experimental results show that our algorithm can not only restore the original image without information loss, but also safely transfer the medical image copyright and patient-sensitive information.

As steganography is the main practice of hidden writing, many deep neural networks are proposed to conceal secret information into images, whose invisibility and security are unsatisfactory. In this paper, we present an encoder-decoder framework with an adversarial discriminator to conceal messages or images into natural images. The message is embedded into QR code first which significantly improves the fault-tolerance. Considering the mean squared error (MSE) is not conducive to perfectly learn the invisible perturbations of cover images, we introduce a texture-based loss that is helpful to hide information into the complex texture regions of an image, improving the invisibility of hidden information. In addition, we design a truncated layer to cope with stego image distortions caused by data type conversion and a moment layer to train our model with varisized images. Finally, our experiments demonstrate that the proposed model improves the security and visual quality of stego images.

This paper proposes a double-layer message security scheme that is implemented in two stages. First, the secret data is encrypted using the AES algorithm with a 256-bit key. Second, least significant bit (LSB) embedding is carried out, by hiding the secret message into an image of an information matrix. A number of performance evaluation metrics are discussed and computed for the proposed scheme. The obtained results are compared to other schemes in literature and show the superiority of the proposed scheme.

Based on the Indonesian of Statistics the level of society people in 2019 is grow up. Based on data, the bank conducted a community to simple transaction payment in the market. Bank just used a debit card or credit card for the transaction, but the banks need more investment for infrastructure and very expensive. Based on that cause the bank needs another solution for low-cost infrastructure. Obtained from solutions that, the bank implementation QR Code Biometric authentication Payment Online is one solution that fulfills. This application used for payment in online merchant. The transaction permits in this study lie in the biometric encryption, or decryption transaction permission and QR Code Scan to improve communication security and transaction data. The test results of implementation Biometric Cloud Authentication Platform show that AES 256 agents can be implemented for face biometric encryption and decryption. Code Scan QR to carry out transaction permits with Face verification transaction permits gets the accuracy rate of 95% for 10 sample people and transaction process gets time speed of 53.21 seconds per transaction with a transaction sample of 100 times.

Today, the privacy and the security of any organization are the key requirement, the digital online transaction of money or coins also needed a certain level of security not only during the broadcasting of the transaction but before the sending of the transaction. In this research paper we proposed and implemented a cryptocurrency (Bitcoin) wallet for the android operating system, by using the QR code-based android application and a secure private key storage (Cold Wallet). Two android applications have been implemented one of them is called cold wallet and the other one is hot wallet. Cold wallet (offline) is to store and generate the private key addresses for secure transaction confirmation and the hot wallet is used to send bitcoin to the network. Hot wallet application gives facility to the user view history of performed transactions, to send and compose a new bitcoin transaction, receive bitcoin, sign it and send it to the network. By using the process of cross QR code scanning of the hot and cold wallet to the identification, validation and authentication of the user made it secure.

Securing and hiding personal confidential information has become a challenge in these modern days. Due to the lack of security and confidentiality, forgery of confidential information can cause a big margin loss to a person. Personal confidential information needs to be securely shared and hidden with the expected recipient and he should be able to verify the information by checking its authenticity. QR codes are being used increasingly to share data for different purposes. In information communication, QR code is important because of its high data capacity. However, most existing QR code systems use insecure data format and encryption is rarely used. A user can use Secure QR Code (SQRC) technology to keep information secured and hidden. In this paper, we propose a novel SQRC system which will allow sharing authentic personal confidential information by means of QR code verification using RSA digital signature algorithm and also allow authorizing the information by means of QR code validation using RSA public key cryptographic algorithm. We implemented the proposed SQRC system and showed that the system is effective for sharing personal confidential information securely.

Nowadays mobile devices have become the majority terminals used by people for social activities so that carrying business data and private information in them have become normal. Accordingly, the risk of data related cyber attacks has become one of the most critical security concerns. The main purpose of this work is to mitigate the risk of data breaches and damages caused by malware and the lost of mobile devices. In this paper, we propose an encrypted QR code based optical challenge-response authentication by mobile devices for mounting concealed file systems. The concealed file system is basically invisible to the users unless being successfully mounted. The proposed authentication scheme practically applies cryptography and QR code technologies to challenge-response scheme in order to secure the concealed file system. The key contribution of this work is to clarify a possibility of a mounting authentication scheme involving two mobile devices using a special optical communication way (QR code exchanges) which can be realizable without involving any network accesses. We implemented a prototype system and based on the preliminary feature evaluations results we confirmed that encrypted QR code based optical challenge-response is possible between a laptop and a smart phone and it can be applied to authentication for mounting concealed file systems.

Hard-coded credentials such as clear text log-in id and password provided by the IoT manufacturers and unsecured ways of remotely accessing IoT devices are the major security concerns of industry and academia. Limited memory, power, and processing capabilities of IoT devices further worsen the situations in improving the security of IoT devices. In such scenarios, a lightweight security algorithm up to some extent can minimize the risk. This paper proposes one such approach using Quick Response (QR) code to mitigate hard-coded credentials related attacks such as Mirai malware, wreak havoc, etc. The QR code based approach provides non-clear text unpredictable login id and password. Further, this paper also proposes a secured way of remotely accessing IoT devices through modified https. The proposed algorithms are implemented and verified using Raspberry Pi 3 model B.

In this work, robust readout of the data (232 English characters) stored in high-security structural colour QR codes, was achieved by using multiple image processing techniques, specifically, histogram equalization and decorrelation stretching. The decoded structural colour QR codes are generic diffractive RGB-pixelated periodic nanocones selectively activated by laser exposure to obtain the particular design of interest. The samples were imaged according to the criteria determined by the diffraction grating equation for the lighting and viewing angles given the red, green, and blue periodicities of the grating. However, illumination variations all through the samples, cross-module and cross-channel interference effects result in acquiring images with dissimilar lighting conditions which cannot be directly retrieved by the decoding script and need significant preprocessing. According to the intensity plots, even if the intensity values are very close (above 200) at some typical regions of the images with different lighting conditions, their inconsistencies (below 100) at the pixels of one representative region may lead to the requirement for using different methods for recovering the data from all red, green, and blue channels. In many cases, a successful data readout could be achieved by downscaling the images to 300-pixel dimensions (along with bilinear interpolation resampling), histogram equalization (HE), linear spatial low-pass mean filtering, and gamma function, each used either independently or with other complementary processes. The majority of images, however, could be fully decoded using decorrelation stretching (DS) either as a standalone or combinational process for obtaining a more distinctive colour definition.

The main issues with drug safety in the counterfeit medicine supply chain, are to do with how the drugs are initially manufactured. The traceability of right and active pharmaceutical ingredients during actual manufacture is a difficult process, so detecting drugs that do not contain the intended active ingredients can ultimately lead to end-consumer patient harm or even death. Blockchain's advanced features make it capable of providing a basis for complete traceability of drugs, from manufacturer to end consumer, and the ability to identify counterfeit-drug. This paper aims to address the issue of drug safety using Blockchain and encrypted QR(quick response) code security.

Robots are sophisticated form of IoT devices as they are smart devices that scrutinize sensor data from multiple sources and observe events to decide the best procedural actions to supervise and manoeuvre objects in the physical world. In this paper, localization of the robot is addressed by QR code Detection and path optimization is accomplished by Dijkstras algorithm. The robot can navigate automatically in its environment with sensors and shortest path is computed whenever heading measurements are updated with QR code landmark recognition. The proposed approach highly reduces computational burden and deployment complexity as it reflects the use of artificial intelligence to self-correct its course when required. An Encrypted communication channel is established over wireless local area network using SSHv2 protocol to transfer or receive sensor data(or commands) making it an IoT enabled Robot.

In this paper, we propose a novel visual secret sharing (VSS) scheme for color QR code (VSSCQR) with (n, n) threshold based on high capacity, admirable visual effects and popularity of color QR code. By splitting and encoding a secret image into QR codes and then fusing QR codes to generate color QR code shares, the scheme can share the secret among a certain number of participants. However, less than n participants cannot reveal any information about the secret. The embedding amount and position of the secret image bits generated by VSS are in the range of the error correction ability of the QR code. Each color share is readable, which can be decoded and thus may not come into notice. On one hand, the secret image can be reconstructed by first decomposing three QR codes from each color QR code share and then stacking the corresponding QR codes based on only human visual system without computational devices. On the other hand, by decomposing three QR codes from each color QR code share and then XORing the three QR codes respectively, we can reconstruct the secret image losslessly. The experiment results display the effect of our scheme.

The main objective of this research work is to enhance the data storage capacity of the QR codes. By achieving the research aim, we can visualize rapid increase in application domains of QR Codes, mostly for smart cities where one needs to store bulk amount of data. Nowadays India is experiencing demonetization step taken by Prime Minister of the country and QR codes can play major role for this step. They are also helpful for cashless society as many vendors have registered themselves with different e-wallet companies like paytm, freecharge etc. These e-wallet companies have installed QR codes at cash counter of such vendors. Any time when a customer wants to pay his bills, he only needs to scan that particular QR code. Afterwards the QR code decoder application start working by taking necessary action like opening payment gateway etc. So, objective of this research study focuses on solving this issue by applying proposed methodology.

The barcode is an important link between real life and the virtual world nowadays. One of the most common barcodes is QR code, which its appearance, black and white modules, is not visually pleasing. The QR code is applied to product packaging and campaign promotion in the market. There are more and more stores using QR code for transaction payment. If the QR code is altered or illegally duplicated, it will endanger the information security of users. Therefore, the study uses infrared watermarking to embed the infrared QR code information into the explicit QR code to strengthen the anti-counterfeiting features. The explicit graphic QR code is produced by data hiding with error diffusion in this study. With the optical characteristics of K, one of the four printed ink colors CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black), only K can be rendered in infrared. Hence, we use the infrared watermarking to embed the implicit QR code information into the explicit graphic QR code. General QR code reader may be used to interpret explicit graphic QR code information. As for implicit QR code, it needs the infrared detector to extract its implicit QR code information. If the QR code is illegally copied, it will not show the hidden second QR code under infrared detection. In this study, infrared watermark hidden in the graphic QR code can enhance not only the aesthetics of QR code, but also the anti-counterfeiting feature. It can also be applied to printing related fields, such as security documents, banknotes, etc. in the future.

We developed SNS Door Phone by making an interphone system an IoT device. We integrated SNS and QR-code recognition function with an interphone system. Thanks to connection with SNS, we can know the visit of the parcel delivery service anytime through SNS even if during going out. Thanks to introduction of QR-code recognition function, if a parcel deliveryman only showed the QR-code of the parcel in front of SNS Door Phone, the re-delivery operation information would be sent to a user automatically through SNS. Then, the user can call or ask re-delivery arrangement using smart phone without inputting any additional data. We can consider this kind of seamless re-delivery operation to be a good example of Robotic Process Automation.

Augmented Reality (AR) is a technique which seamlessly integrate virtual 3D models into the image of the real scenario in real time. Using the QR code as the identification mark, an algorithm is proposed to extract the virtual straight line of QR code and to locate and track the camera based on the hybrid features, thus it avoids the possibility of failure when locating and tracking only by feature points. The experimental results show that the method of combining straight lines with feature points is better than that of using only straight lines or feature points. Further, an AR (Augmented Reality) system is developed.

Now a day document such as Degree certificate can be easily forged fully or partially modifying obtained score result like GPA (Grade Point Average). Digital signature are used to detect unauthorized modification to data and to authenticate the identity of signatory. The Quick Response (QR) code was designed for storage information and high-speed readability. This paper proposed a method that QR code will contain a digital signature with the student data such as degree holder's name, major program, GPA obtained and more, which will be signed by Higher Educational Institute (HEI). In order to use this system, all HEI have to register in central system, the central system provide another system that will deploy in each HEI. All digitally signed certificate generating process are offline. To verify the digital signature signed with QR code, we developed specific smart phone application which will scan and authenticate the certificate without the need to address the certificate issuing institution and gaining access to user's security credentials.

Quick Response (QR) codes are rapidly becoming pervasive in our daily life because of its fast readability and the popularity of smartphones with a built-in camera. However, recent researches raise security concerns because QR codes can be easily sniffed and decoded which can lead to private information leakage or financial loss. To address the issue, we present mQRCode which exploit patterns with specific spatial frequency to camouflage QR codes. When the targeted receiver put a camera at the designated position (e.g., 30cm and 0° above the camouflaged QR code), the original QR code is revealed due to the Moiré phenomenon. Malicious adversaries will only see camouflaged QR code at any other position. Our experiments show that the decoding rate of mQR codes is 95% or above within 0.83 seconds. When the camera is 10cm or 15° away from the designated location, the decoding rate drops to 0 so it's secure from attackers.

The process of information and transformation of society has become a habit in modem people. We are accustomed to using the mobile phone for all kinds of operations, such as: sweep code to order meals, buy tickets and payment, thanks to the popularity of QR code technology in our country. There are many applications in the market with the function of scanning QR code, however, some QR codes can only be parsed by the specified application software. For instance, it can not work when using Alipay scanning QR code which configured by WeChat payment certificate Web program. The user will not be able to pay for such operations. For a product or service provider, different QR codes need to be created for different applications; for a user, a certain business operation needs to face multiple QR codes to select corresponding software in the device. The integration of QR code technology has become a key breakthrough point to improve the competitiveness of enterprises.

The number of Virtual Reality applications has increased tremendously in the recent years to the point where every single digital entertainment company is investing heavily in VR systems. This increase in VR products demands the improvement in the evaluation of VR experience since current evaluations require an attendee per survey taker and can only move onto the next survey taker after the current survey is done. Traditional evaluations also require many evaluation machines if done digitally, costing survey takers unnecessary expenses. "MasQueRade" is a QR code based instant user feedback online system. This system allows users to scan the QR code on their VR sanitary masks and access an online evaluation system on their own mobile phones. This enables users to conduct the evaluation on their own free time and decreases the expenses surveyors have to spend on machines, therefore greatly decreases the manpower and time required to conduct the evaluations. While this approach to solving the issue of obtaining user feedback may sound elementary, the amount of efforts and resources "MasQueRade" saves by transferring the evaluation from a paper or digital form into an online database gives near infinite possibilities in the future of gathering feedback and evaluation. This paper seeks to explain the functions of "MasQueRade" and the results the team obtains during Anime Expo 2017 and propose a real-time live user VR commentary system drawing inputs form the attendees.

Transform based image steganography methods are commonly used in security applications. However, the application of several recent transforms for image steganography remains unexplored. This paper presents bit-plane based steganography method using different transforms. In this work, the bit-plane of the transform coefficients is selected to embed the secret message. The characteristics of four transforms used in the steganography have been analyzed and the results of the four transforms are compared. This has been proven in the experimental results.

With the advent of QR readers and mobile phones the use of graphical codes like QR codes and data matrix code has become very popular. Despite the noise like appearance, it has the advantage of high data capacity, damage resistance and fast decoding robustness. The proposed system embeds the image chosen by the user to develop visually appealing QR codes with improved decoding robustness using BCH algorithm. The QR information bits are encoded into luminance value of the input image. The developed Picode can inspire perceptivity in multimedia applications and can ensure data security for instances like online payments. The system is implemented on Matlab and ARM cortex A8.

In smart factories and smart homes, devices such as smart sensors are connected to the Internet. Independent of the context in which such a smart sensor is deployed, the possibility to change its configuration parameters in a secure way is essential. Existing solutions do provide only minimal security or do not allow to transfer arbitrary configuration data. In this paper, we present an NFC- and QR-code based configuration interface for smart sensors which improves the security and practicability of the configuration altering process while introducing as little overhead as possible. We present a protocol for configuration as well as a hardware extension including a dedicated security controller (SC) for smart sensors. For customers, no additional hardware other than a commercially available smartphone will be necessary which makes the proposed approach highly applicable for smart factory and smart home contexts alike.

In this paper, we explore the usage of printed tags to authenticate products. Printed tags are a cheap alternative to RFID and other tag based systems and do not require specialized equipment. Due to the simplistic nature of such printed codes, many security issues like tag impersonation, server impersonation, reader impersonation, replay attacks and denial of service present in RFID based solutions need to be handled differently. We propose a cost-efficient scheme based on static tag based hash chains to address these security threats. We analyze the security characteristics of this scheme and compare it to other product authentication schemes that use RFID tags. Finally, we show that our proposed statically printed QR codes can be at least as secure as RFID tags.