Biblio

The paper considers, proposes and describes possibilities and ways for application, design and implementation of energy efficient microprocessor based embedded systems for LED lighting control in the traffic. Using LED lighting technology and appropriate designed embedded systems it is possible to implement very efficient and smart systems for very wide range of applications in the traffic. This type of systems can be widely used in many places in the traffic where there is needed quality lighting and low energy consumption. Application of such systems enables to increase energy consumption efficiency, quality of lighting and security of traffic and to decrease total costs for the lighting. Way of design and use of such digital embedded system to effectively increase functionality and efficiency of lighting in the traffic is proposed and described. It is also proposed and described one practically designed and implemented simple and universal embedded system for LED lighting control for many applications in the traffic.

In recent years, with the rapid development of Internet of things, RFID tags have been widely used, in due to the chip used in radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is more demanding for resources, which also brings a great threat to the safety performance of cryptographic algorithms in differential power analysis (DPA). For this purpose, it is necessary to study the LED lightweight cryptography algorithm of RFID tags in the Internet of things, so as to explore a lightweight and secure cryptographic algorithm which can be applied to RFID Tags. In this paper, through the combination of Piccolo cryptographic algorithm and the new DPA protection technology threshold, we propose a LED lightweight cryptographic algorithm which can be applied to the RFID tag of the Internet of things. With the help of improve d exhaustive search and Boolean expression reconstruction, the two methods share the implementation of the S -box and the InvS-box, thereby effectively solves the burr threat problem of the S-box and the InvS-box in the sharing implementation process, the security performance of the algorithm is evaluated by the DPA attack of FPGA. The results show that the algorithm can achieve lightweight and security performance at the same time, can effectively meet the light and security requirements of RFID tag chip of Internet of things for cryptographic algorithms.

Industrial Internet-of-Things has been touted as the next revolution in the industrial domain, offering interconnectivity, independence, real-time operation, and self-optimization. Integration of smart systems, however, bridges the gap between information and operation technology, creating new avenues for attacks from the cyber domain. The dismantling of this air-gap, in conjunction with the devices' long lifespan -in the range of 20-30 years-, motivates us to bring the attention of the community to emerging advanced persistent threats. We demonstrate a threat that bridges the air-gap by leaking data from memory to analog peripherals through Direct Memory Access (DMA), delivered as a firmware modification through the supply chain. The attack automatically adapts to a target device by leveraging the Device Tree and resides solely in the peripherals, completely transparent to the main CPU, by judiciously short-circuiting specific components. We implement this attack on a commercial Programmable Logic Controller, leaking information over the available LEDs. We evaluate the presented attack vector in terms of stealthiness, and demonstrate no observable overhead on both CPU performance and DMA transfer speed. Since traditional anomaly detection techniques would fail to detect this firmware trojan, this work highlights the need for industrial control system-appropriate techniques that can be applied promptly to installed devices.

The Internet of Things (IoT) and RFID devices are essential parts of the new information technology generation. They are mostly characterized by their limited power and computing resources. In order to ensure their security under computing and power constraints, a number of lightweight cryptography algorithms has emerged. This paper outlines the performance analysis of six lightweight blocks crypto ciphers with different structures - LED, PRESENT, HIGHT, LBlock, PICCOLO and TWINE on a LEON3 open source processor. We have implemented these crypto ciphers on the FPGA board using the C language and the LEON3 processor. Analysis of these crypto ciphers is evaluated after considering various benchmark parameters like throughput, execution time, CPU performance, AHB bandwidth, Simulator performance, and speed. These metrics are tested with different key sizes provided by each crypto algorithm.

An air-gapped network is a type of IT network that is separated from the Internet - physically - due to the sensitive information it stores. Even if such a network is compromised with a malware, the hermetic isolation from the Internet prevents an attacker from leaking out any data - thanks to the lack of connectivity. In this paper we show how attackers can covertly leak sensitive data from air-gapped networks via the row of status LEDs on networking equipment such as LAN switches and routers. Although it is known that some network equipment emanates optical signals correlated with the information being processed by the device (‘side-channel'), malware controlling the status LEDs to carry any type of data (‘covert-channel') has never studied before. Sensitive data can be covertly encoded over the blinking of the LEDs and received by remote cameras and optical sensors. A malicious code is executed in a compromised LAN switch or router allowing the attacker direct, low-level control of the LEDs. We provide the technical background on the internal architecture of switches and routers at both the hardware and software level which enables these attacks. We present different modulation and encoding schemas, along with a transmission protocol. We implement prototypes of the malware and discuss its design and implementation. We tested various receivers including remote cameras, security cameras, smartphone cameras, and optical sensors, and discuss detection and prevention countermeasures. Our experiments show that sensitive data can be covertly leaked via the status LEDs of switches and routers at bit rates of 1 bit/sec to more than 2000 bit/sec per LED.

Smart personal insulin pumps have been widely adopted by type 1 diabetes. However, many wireless insulin pump systems lack security mechanisms to protect them from malicious attacks. In previous works, the read-write attacks over RF channels can be launched stealthily and could jeopardize patients' lives. Protecting patients from such attacks is urgent. To address this issue, we propose a novel visible light channel based access control scheme for wireless infusion insulin pumps. This scheme employs an infrared photodiode sensor as a receiver in an insulin pump, and an infrared LED as an emitter in a doctor's reader (USB) to transmit a PIN/shared key to authenticate the doctor's USB. The evaluation results demonstrate that our scheme can reliably pass the authentication process with a low false accept rate (0.05% at a distance of 5cm).

Considering reflected light in physical layer security (PLS) is very important because a small portion of reflected light enables an eavesdropper (ED) to acquire legitimate information. Moreover, it would be a practical strategy for an ED to be located at an outer area of the room, where the reflection light is strong, in order to escape the vigilance of a legitimate user. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the impact of multipath reflections on PLS in visible light communication in the presence of randomly located eavesdroppers. We apply spatial point processes to characterize randomly distributed EDs. The generalized error in signal-to-noise ratio that occurs when reflections are ignored is defined as a function of the distance between the receiver and the wall. We use this error for quantifying the domain of interest that needs to be considered from the secrecy viewpoint. Furthermore, we investigate how the reflection affects the secrecy outage probability (SOP). It is shown that the effect of the reflection on the SOP can be removed by adjusting the light emitting diode configuration. Monte Carlo simulations and numerical results are given to verify our analysis.

Visible light communication is a solution for high-security wireless data transmission. In this paper, we first analyze the potential vulnerability of the system from eavesdropping outside the room. By setting up a signal to noise ratio threshold, we define a vulnerable area outside of the room through a window. We compute the receiver aperture needed to capture the signal and what portion of the space is most vulnerable to eavesdropping. Based on the analysis, we propose a solution to improve the security by optimizing the modulation efficiency of each LED in the indoor lamp. The simulation results show that the proposed solution can improve the security considerably while maintaining the indoor communication performance.

We evaluate the use of LEDs intended for illumination as low-cost filtered optical detectors. An optical wireless system that is exclusively based on commercial off-the-shelf 5-mm R/G/B LEDs is experimentally demonstrated for Gb/s close-proximity transmission.

In this paper, a method is proposed for improving the physical layer security for indoor visible light communication (VLC) networks with angle diversity transmitters. An angle diversity transmitter usually consists of multiple narrow-beam light-emitting diode (LED) elements with different orientations. Angle diversity transmitters are suitable for confidential data transmission, since data transmission via narrow light beams can effectively avoid the leakage of messages. In order to improve security performance, protection zones are introduced to the systems with angle diversity transmitters. Simulation results show that over 50% performance improvement can be obtained by adding protection zones.

We propose a spectral scrambling scheme to enhance physical layer security for an underwater VLC system which also simplifies the real-value signal generation procedure. A 1.08-Gb/s PAM-8 encrypted data over 1.2m transmission is experimentally demonstrated.

With increasing demand for travelling, high-quality network service is important to people in vehicle cabins. Visible light communication (VLC) system is more appropriate than wireless local area network considering the security, communication speed, and narrow shape of the cabin. However, VLC exhibits technical limitations, such as uneven distribution of optical signals. In this regard, we propose a novel weight search bat algorithm (WSBA) to calculate a set of optimal power adjustment factors to reduce fluctuation in signal distributions. Simulation results show that the fairness of signal distribution in the cabin optimized by WSBA is better than that of the non-optimized signal distribution. Moreover, the coverage rate of WSBA is higher than that of genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization.

The broadcast nature of visible light beam has aroused great concerns about the privacy and confidentiality of visible light communication (VLC) systems.In this paper, in order to enhance the physical layer security, we propose a channel scrambling scheme, which realizes orthogonal factorized channel scrambling with location information embedded (OFCS-LIE) for the VLC systems. We firstly embed the location information of the legitimate user, including the transmission angle and the distance, into a location information embedded (LIE) matrix, then the LIE matrix is factorized orthogonally in order that the LIE matrix is approximately uncorrelated to the multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) channels by the iterative orthogonal factorization method, where the iteration number is determined based on the orthogonal error. The resultant OFCS-LIE matrix is approximately orthogonal and used to enhance both the reliability and the security of information transmission. Furthermore, we derive the information leakage at the eavesdropper and the secrecy capacity to analyze the system security. Simulations are performed, and the results demonstrate that with the aid of the OFCS-LIE scheme, MIMO-based VLC system has achieved higher security when compared with the counterpart scrambling scheme and the system without scrambling.

It is challenging in Security information and Platforms of Communication by Visible Light (VLC), solutions are made to manage the right Security problems. Several solutions have been developed and evolved constantly to meet complex and ever-changing business needs in the world. In the business context, people who are responsible for a project or an organization undergo professional and emotional stress. This research project has developed a new model which can help decision makers evaluating these alternative methods in relation to articulating different types of Security problems, formulating Security criteria, and simulating expectations of adopting the chosen method for Platforms of Communication by Visible Light (VLC).

The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a broadcast communications network invented by Robert Bosch GmbH in 1986. CAN is the standard communication network found in automobiles, industry equipment, and many space applications. To be used in these environments, CAN is designed for efficiency and reliability, rather than security. This research paper closely examines the security risks within the CAN protocol and proposes a feasible solution. In this research, we investigate the problems with implementing certain security features in the CAN protocol, such as message authentication and protections against replay and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. We identify the restrictions of the CAN bus, and we demonstrate how our proposed implementation meets these restrictions. Many previously proposed solutions lack security, feasibility, and/or efficiency; however, a solution must not drastically hinder the real-time operation speed of the network. The solution proposed in this research is tested with a simulative CAN environment. This paper proposes an alteration to the standard CAN bus nodes and the CAN protocol to better protect automobiles and other CAN-related systems from attacks.

A technical method regarding to the improvement of transmission capacity of an optical wireless orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) link based on a visible light emitting diode (LED) is proposed in this paper. An original OFDM signal, which is encoded by various multilevel digital modulations such as quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), is converted into a sparse one and then compressed using an adaptive sampling with inverse discrete cosine transform, while its error-free reconstruction is implemented using a L1-minimization based on a Bayesian compressive sensing (CS). In case of QPSK symbols, the transmission capacity of the optical wireless OFDM link was increased from 31.12 Mb/s to 51.87 Mb/s at the compression ratio of 40 %, while It was improved from 62.5 Mb/s to 78.13 Mb/s at the compression ratio of 20 % under the 16-QAM symbols in the error free wireless transmission (forward error correction limit: bit error rate of 10-3).