Biblio

Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have recently become an active research area. This is because of its important applications in the transportation field in which vehicles have severe position during activities of daily living in persons. In this paper, the basic background of the VANET from the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs), VANET standard and VANET characteristics are discussed. Second, the architecture from components and communications of the system are presented. Then, the critical challenges and future perspectives in this field are comprehensively reviewed. This paper could serve as a guide and reference in the design and development of any new techniques for VANETs. Moreover, this paper may help researchers and developers in the selection of the main features of VANET for their goals in one single document.

A main type of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) and essential infrastructure to provide a wide range of safety applications to passengers in vehicles (VANET) are established. VANETs are more popular today as they connect to a variety of invisible services. VANET protection is crucial as its potential use must not endanger the safety and privacy of its users. The safety of these VANETs is essential to safe and efficient safety systems and facilities and uncertainty continues and research in this field continues to grow rapidly. We will explain the characteristics and problems of VANETs in this paper. Also, all threats and attacks that affect integrity and authentication in VANETs will be defined. Description of researchers' work was consequently addressed as the table with the problems of the suggested method and objective.

Security is the key concern, which allows safe communication between any two mobile nodes in an unfavorable environment. Wireless Ad Hoc can be unsecured against attacks by means of malicious nodes. Hence this study assesses the influence of wormhole attacks on Mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) system that is evaluated and validated based on the QualNet simulator. The MANET performance is investigated utilizing the wormhole attacks. The simulation is performed on Mobile node's network layer and data link layer in the WANET (wireless Ad Hoc network). The MANET performance was examined using “what-if” analyses too. Results showed that for security purposes, it is indeed necessary to assess the Mobile Ad Hoc node deployment.

Due to its minimal price and expandable wireless open system interconnection options for the coming years, wireless mesh networking is appealing, developing, and novel medium of speech, which is why it is becoming a somewhat widely used communication field. In all network types, one of the essential factors for prevalent and trustworthy communication is cybersecurity. The IEEE 802.11 working gathering has created various correspondence guidelines. Yet, they are by and by focusing on the 802.11s standard because of its dynamic setup and geography learning abilities. Information, voice, and directions are steered between hubs employing remote lattice organising. WMNs incidentally give nearby 802.11g admittance to customers and connection neighbours utilising 802.11a "backhaul," but this isn’t generally the situation because of changing requirements, for example, top information rate and inclusion range. The small cross-sectional organisation emerged as a fundamental innovation to enable broadband system management in large regions. It benefits specialised organisations by reducing the cost of sending networks and end customers by providing ubiquitous Internet access anywhere, anytime. Given the idea of wireless mesh networking and the lack of integrated organisational technology, small grid networks are powerless against malicious attacks. In the meantime, the limit of multi-radio multi-channel correspondence, the need for heterogeneous organisation coordination, and the interest for multi-bounce remote equality often render conventional security strategies ineffectual or challenging to carry out. Thus, wireless mesh networking presents new issues that require more viable and relevant arrangements. WMNs have piqued the curiosity of both scholastics and industry because of their promising future. Numerous testbeds are built for research purposes, and business items for veritable WMNs are accessible. Anyway, a few concerns should be cleared up before they can very well become widespread. For example, the accessible MAC and routing conventions are not customisable; the throughput drops impressively with an increasing number of hubs or bounces in WMNs. Because of the weakness of WMNs against various malicious attacks, the security and protection of correspondence is a serious concern. For example, enemies can sniff long-distance correspondence to obtain sensitive data. Attackers can carry out DoS attacks and control the substance of the information sent through compromised hubs, thereby endangering the company’s secret, accessibility authenticity, and integrity. WMNs, like compact Impromptu Organisations (MANETs), share a typical medium, no traffic aggregate point, and incredible topography. Due to these restrictions, normal safety frameworks in wired associations can’t be quickly applied to WMNs. Also, the techniques utilised in MANETs are not viable with WMNs. This is because of the manner in which WMNs expand MANETs in different ways. Framework centres are generally outfitted with an assortment of radios. Then, at that point, many channels are doled out to every centre to work with concurrent data move and diversity.

The Ad-hoc Vehicular networks (VANET) was developed through the implementation of the concepts of ad-hoc mobile networks(MANET), which is swiftly maturing, promising, emerging wireless communication technology nowadays. Vehicular communication enables us to communicate with other vehicles and Roadside Infrastructure Units (RSU) to share information pertaining to the safety system, traffic analysis, Authentication, privacy, etc. As VANETs operate in an open wireless connectivity system, it increases permeable of variant type's security issues. Security concerns, however, which are either generally seen in ad-hoc networks or utterly unique to VANET, present significant challenges. Access Control List (ACL) can be an efficient feature to solve such security issues by permitting statements to access registered specific IP addresses in the network and deny statement unregistered IP addresses in the system. To establish such secured VANETs, the License number of the vehicle will be the Identity Number, which will be assigned via a DNS server by the Traffic Certification Authority (TCA). TCA allows registered vehicles to access the nearest two or more regions. For special vehicles, public access should be restricted by configuring ACL on a specific IP. Smart-card given by TCA can be used to authenticate a subscriber by checking previous records during entry to a new network area. After in-depth analysis of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Packet Loss Ratio (PLR), Average Delay, and Handover Delay, this research offers more secure and reliable communication in VANETs.

The Ad-hoc vehicle networks (VANETs) recently stressed communications and networking technologies. VANETs vary from MANETs in tasks, obstacles, system architecture and operation. Smart vehicles and RSUs communicate through unsafe wireless media. By nature, they are vulnerable to threats that can lead to life-threatening circumstances. Due to potentially bad impacts, security measures are needed to recognize these VANET assaults. In this review paper of VANET security, the new VANET approaches are summarized by addressing security complexities. Second, we're reviewing these possible threats and literature recognition mechanisms. Finally, the attacks and their effects are identified and clarified and the responses addressed together.

Due to the reciprocity of wireless channels, the communication parties can directly extract the shared key from channel. This solution were verified through several schemes. However, in real situations, channel sampling of legitimate transceivers might be impacted by noises and other interferences, which makes the channel states obtained by initiator and responder might be obvious different. The efficiency and even availability of physical layer key generation are thus reduced. In this paper, we propose a lightweight and efficient physical layer key generation scheme, which extract shared secret keys from channel state information (CSI). To improve the key generation process, the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is employed to reduce differences of channel states of legitimate transceivers. Then, these outputs are quantified and encoded through multi-bit adaptive quantization(MAQ) quantizer and gray code to generate binary bit sequence, which can greatly reduce the bit error rate. Moreover, the low density parity check (LDPC) code and universal hashing functions are used to achieve information reconciliation and privacy amplifification. By adding preprocessing methods in the key generation process and using the rich information of CSI, the security of communications can be increased on the basis of improving the key generation rate. To evaluate this scheme, a number of experiments in various real environments are conducted. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can effificiently generate shared secret keys for nodes and protect their communication.

From recent few years, need of information security is realized by society amd researchers specially in multi-path, unstructured networks as Mobile Ad-hoc Network. Devices connected in such network are self-configuring and small in size and can communicate in infra less environment. Architecture is very much dynamic and absence of central controlling authority puts challenges to the network by making more vulnerable for various threats and attacks in order to exploit the function of the network. The paper proposes, TCP analysis against very popular attack i.e. blackhole attack. Under different circumstance, reliable transport layer protocol TCP is analyzed for the effects of the attack on adhoc network. Performance has been measured using metrics of average throughput, normalized routing load and end to end delay and conclusions have been drawn based on that.

Security awareness and energy efficiency are two crucial optimization issues present in MANET where the network topology gets adequately changed and is not predictable which affects the lifetime of the MANET. They are extensively analyzed to improvise the lifetime of the MANET. This paper concentrates on the design of an energy-efficient security-aware fuzzy-based clustering (SFLC) technique to make the network secure and energy-efficient. The selection of cluster heads (CHD) process using fuzzy logic (FL) involves the trust factor as an important input variable. Once the CHDs are elected successfully, clusters will be constructed and start to communication with one another as well as the base station (BS). The presented SFLC model is simulated using NS2 and the performance is validated in terms of energy, lifetime and computation time.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) consists of different configurations, where it deals with the dynamic nature of its creation and also it is a self-configurable type of a network. The primary task in this type of networks is to develop a mechanism for routing that gives a high QoS parameter because of the nature of ad-hoc network. The Ad-hoc-on-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) used here is the on-demand routing mechanism for the computation of the trust. The proposed approach uses the Artificial neural network (ANN) and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) for the discovery of the black hole attacks in the network. The results are carried out between the black hole AODV and the security mechanism provided by us as the Secure AODV (SAODV). The results were tested on different number of nodes, at last, it has been experimented for 100 nodes which provide an improvement in energy consumption of 54.72%, the throughput is 88.68kbps, packet delivery ratio is 92.91% and the E to E delay is of about 37.27ms.

Mobile nodes in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) form a temporal link between a sender and receiver due to their continuous movement in a limited area. This network can be easily attacked because there is no organized identity. This article discusses the MANET, its various associated challenges, and selected solutions. As a case study, a neighbor trust-based security scheme that can prevent malicious attacks in a MANET is discussed in detail. The security scheme identifies each node's behavior in the network in terms of packets received and forwarded. Nodes are placed in a suspicious range, and if the security scheme detects malicious function continuously, then it is confirmed that the particular node is the attacker in the network.

Routing security plays an important role in the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Despite many attempts to improve its security, the routing mechanism of MANETs remains vulnerable to attacks. Unlike most existing solutions that prevent the specific problems, our approach tends to detect the misbehavior and identify the anomalous nodes in MANETs automatically. The existing approaches offer support for detecting attacks or debugging in different routing phases, but many of them cannot answer the absence of an event. Besides, without considering the privacy of the nodes, these methods depend on the central control program or a third party to supervise the whole network. In this paper, we present a system called DAPV that can find single or collaborative malicious nodes and the paralyzed nodes which behave abnormally. DAPV can detect both direct and indirect attacks launched during the routing phase. To detect malicious or abnormal nodes, DAPV relies on two main techniques. First, the provenance tracking enables the hosts to deduce the expected log information of the peers with the known log entries. Second, the privacy-preserving verification uses Merkle Hash Tree to verify the logs without revealing any privacy of the nodes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by applying DAPV to three scenarios: 1) detecting injected malicious intermediated routers which commit active and passive attacks in MANETs; 2) resisting the collaborative black-hole attack of the AODV protocol, and; 3) detecting paralyzed routers in university campus networks. Our experimental results show that our approach can detect the malicious and paralyzed nodes, and the overhead of DAPV is moderate.

In this article, we introduce the MACH-2K trust overlay network and its architecture. MACH-2K's objectives are to (a) enhance the resiliency of emergency response and public service networks and (b) help build such networks in places, or at times, where network infrastructure is limited. Resiliency may be enhanced in an economic manner by building new ad hoc networks of private mobile devices and joining these to public service networks at specific trusted points. The major barrier to building resiliency by using private devices is ensuring security. MACH-2K uses device location and communication utility patterns to assign trust to devices, after owner approval. After trust is established, message confidentiality, privacy, and integrity may be implemented by well-known cryptographic means. MACH-2K devices may be then requested to forward or consume different types of messages depending on their current level of trust and utility.

The group key maintenance in MANET is especially risky, because repeated node movement, link breakdown and lower capacity resources. The member movement needs key refreshment to maintain privacy among members. To survive with these characteristics variety of clustering concepts used to subdivide the network. To establish considerably stable and trustable environment fuzzy based trust clustering taken into consideration with Group key management. The nodes with highest trust and energy elected as Cluster Head and it forms cluster in its range. The proposed work analyze secure multicast transmission by implementing Polynomial-based key management in Fuzzy Trust based clustered networks (FTBCA) for secure multicast transmission that protect against both internal and external attackers and measure the performance by injecting attack models.

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are formed when a group of mobile nodes, communicate through wireless links in the absence of central administration. These features make them more vulnerable to several attacks like identity spoofing which leads to identity disclosure. Providing anonymity and privacy for identity are critical issues, especially when the size of such networks scales up. to avoid the centralization problem for key distribution in MANETs. This paper proposes a key distribution scheme for clustered ad-hoc networks. The network is divided into groups of clusters, and each cluster head is responsible for distributing periodically updated security keys among cluster members, for protecting privacy through encryption. Also, an authentication scheme is proposed to ensure the confidentiality of new members to the cluster. The simulation study proves the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of availability and overhead. It scales well for high dense networks and gives less packet drop rate compared to its centralized counterpart in the presence of malicious nodes.

A deniable authentication (DA) protocol plays a vital role to provide security and privacy of the mobile nodes in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). In recent years, a number of similar works have been proposed, but most of them experience heavy computational and communication overhead. Further, most of these protocols are not secure against different attacks. To address these concerns, we devised an identity-based deniable authentication (IBDA) protocol with adequate security and efficiency. The proposed IBDA protocol is mainly designed for MANETs, where the mobile devices are resource-limited. The proposed IBDA protocol used the elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and identity-based cryptosystem (IBC). The security of our IBDA protocol depends on the elliptic curve discrete logarithm (ECDL) problem and bilinear Diffie-Hellman (BDH) problem.

Security is one of the more challenging problem for wireless Ad-Hoc networks specially in MANT due their features like dynamic topology, no centralized infrastructure, open architecture, etc. that make its more prone to different attacks. These attacks can be passive or active. The passive attack it hard to detect it in the network because its targets the confidential of data packet by eavesdropping on it. Therefore, the privacy preservation for data packets payload which it transmission over MANET has been a major part of concern. especially for safety-sensitive applications such as, privacy conference meetings, military applications, etc. In this paper it used symmetric cryptography to provide privacy for data packet by proposed modified AES based on five proposed which are: Key generation based on multi chaotic system, new SubByte, new ShiftRows, Add-two-XOR, Add-Shiftcycl.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) is a traditional mobile ad hoc network (MANET) used on traffic roads and it is a special mobile ad hoc network. As an intelligent transportation system, VANETs can solve driving safety and provide value-added services. Therefore, the application of VANETs can improve the safety and efficiency of road traffic. Location services are in a crucial position for the development of VANETs. VANETs has the characteristics of open access and wireless communication. Malicious node attacks may lead to the leakage of user privacy in VANETs, thus seriously affecting the use of VANETs. Therefore, the location privacy issue of VANETs cannot be ignored. This paper classifies the attack methods in VANETs, and summarizes and compares the location privacy protection techniques proposed in the existing research.

Mobile ad hoc networks present numerous advantages compared to traditional networks. However, due to the fact that they do not have any central management point and are highly dynamic, mobile ad hoc networks display many issues. The one study in this paper is the one related to security. A policy based approach for securing messages dissemination in mobile ad hoc network is proposed in order to tackle that issue.

The extensive increase in the number of IoT devices and the massive data generated and sent to the cloud hinder the cloud abilities to handle it. Further, some IoT devices are latency-sensitive. Such sensitivity makes it harder for far clouds to handle the IoT needs in a timely manner. A new technology named "Fog computing" has emerged as a solution to such problems. Fog computing relies on close by computational devices to handle the conventional cloud load. However, Fog computing introduced additional problems related to the trustworthiness and safety of such devices. Unfortunately, the suggested architectures did not consider such problem. In this paper we present a novel self-configuring fog architecture to support IoT networks with security and trust in mind. We realize the concept of Moving-target defense by mobilizing the applications inside the fog using live migrations. Performance evaluations using a benchmark for mobilized applications showed that the added overhead of live migrations is very small making it deployable in real scenarios. Finally, we presented a mathematical model to estimate the survival probabilities of both static and mobile applications within the fog. Moreover, this work can be extended to other systems such as mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETS) or in vehicular cloud computing (VCC).

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure less, self organizing on demand wireless communication. The nodes communicate among themselves through their radio range and nodes within the range are known as neighbor nodes. DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), a MANET reactive routing protocol identify the destination by transmitting route request (RREQ) control message into the network and establishes a path after receiving route reply (RREP) control messages. The intermediate node lies in between source to destination may also send RREP control message, weather they have path information about that destination is present into their route cache due to any previous communication. A malicious node may enter within the network and may send RREP control message to the source before original RREP is being received. After receiving RREP without knowing about the destination source starts to send data and data may reached to a different location. In this paper we proposed a novel algorithm by which a malicious node, even stay in the network and send RREP control message but before data transmission source can authenticate the destination by applying PGP (pretty Good Privacy) encryption program. In order to design our algorithm we proposed to add an extra field with RREQ control message with a unique index value (UIV) and two extra fields in RREP applied over UIV to form a random key (Rk) in such a way that, our proposal can maintained two way authorization scheme. Even a malicious node may exists into the network but before data transmission source can identified weather RREP is received by the requested destination or a by a malicious node.

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that do not need to rely on a pre-existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. Securing MANETs is a serious concern as current research on MANETs continues to progress. Each node in a MANET acts as a router, forwarding data packets for other nodes and exchanging routing information between nodes. It is this intrinsic nature that introduces the serious security issues to routing protocols. A black hole attack is one of the well-known security threats for MANETs. A black hole is a security attack in which a malicious node absorbs all data packets by sending fake routing information and drops them without forwarding them. In order to defend against a black hole attack, in this paper we propose a new threshold-based black hole attack prevention method using multiple RREPs. To investigate the performance of the proposed method, we compared it with existing methods. Our simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods from the standpoints of packet delivery rate, throughput, and routing overhead.

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is considered a type of network which is wireless and has no fixed infrastructure composed of a set if nodes in self organized fashion which are randomly, frequently and unpredictably mobile. MANETs can be applied in both military and civil environments ones because of its numerous applications. This is due to their special characteristics and self-configuration capability. This is due to its dynamic nature, lack of fixed infrastructure, and the no need of being centrally managed; a special type of routing protocols such as Anonymous routing protocols are needed to hide the identifiable information of communicating parties, while preserving the communication secrecy. This paper provides an examination of a comprehensive list of anonymous routing protocols in MANET, focusing their security and performance capabilities.

Resistance to malicious attacks and assessment of the trust value of nodes are important aspects of trusted mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), and it is therefore necessary to establish an effective reputation management system. Previous studies have relied on the direct monitoring of nodes, recommendations from neighbors or a combination of these two methods to calculate a reputation value. However, these models can neither collect trust information effectively, nor cooperate to resist an attack, instead increasing the network load. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a novel reputation management framework that collects trust information and calculates the reputation value of nodes by selecting special nodes as management nodes. This framework can effectively identify malicious information and improve the credibility of a reputation value.

Communication is an essential part of everyday life, both as a social interaction and collaboration to achieve goals. Wireless technology has effectively release the users to roam more freely to achieving collaboration and communication. The principle attraction of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are their set-up less and decentralized action. However, mobile ad hoc networks are seen as relatively easy targets for attackers. Security in mobile ad hoc network is provided by encrypting the data when exchanging messages and key management. Cryptography is therefore vital to ensure privacy of message and robustness against disruption. The proposed scheme public string based threshold cryptography (PSTC) describes the new scheme based on threshold cryptography that provides reasonably secure and robust cryptography scheme for mobile ad hoc networks. The scheme is implemented and simulated in ns-2. The scheme is based on trust value and analyze against Denial of Service attack as node found the attacker, the node reject all packet from that attacker. In proposed scheme whole network is compromised only when all nodes of network is compromised because threshold nodes only sharing public string not the master private key. The scheme provides confidentiality and integrity. The default threshold value selected is 2 according to time and space analysis.