Biblio
In the field of process mining, a lot of information about what happened inside the information system has been exploited and has yielded significant results. However, information related to the relationship between performers and performers is only utilized and evaluated in certain aspects. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to classify the temporal work transference from workflow enactment event log. This result may be used to reduce system memory, increase the computation speed. Furthermore, it can be used as one of the factors to evaluate the performer, active role of resources in the information system.
Cybersecurity assurance plays an important role in managing trust in smart grid communication systems. In this paper, cybersecurity assurance controls for smart grid communication networks and devices are delineated from the more technical functional controls to provide insights on recent innovative risk-based approaches to cybersecurity assurance in smart grid systems. The cybersecurity assurance control baselining presented in this paper is based on requirements and guidelines of the new family of IEC 62443 standards on network and systems security of industrial automation and control systems. The paper illustrates how key cybersecurity control baselining and tailoring concepts of the U.S. NIST SP 800-53 can be adopted in smart grid security architecture. The paper outlines the application of IEC 62443 standards-based security zoning and assignment of security levels to the zones in smart grid system architectures. To manage trust in the smart grid system architecture, cybersecurity assurance base lining concepts are applied per security impact levels. Selection and justification of security assurance controls presented in the paper is utilizing the approach common in Security Technical Implementation Guides (STIGs) of the U.S. Defense Information Systems Agency. As shown in the paper, enhanced granularity for managing trust both on the overall system and subsystem levels of smart grid systems can be achieved by implementation of the instructions of the CNSSI 1253 of the U.S. Committee of National Security Systems on security categorization and control selection for national security systems.
A new approach of a formalism of hybrid automatons has been proposed for the analysis of conflict processes between the information system and the information's security malefactor. An example of probability-based assessment on malefactor's victory has been given and the possibility to abstract from a specific type of probability density function for the residence time of parties to the conflict in their possible states. A model of the distribution of destructive informational influences in the information system to connect the process of spread of destructive information processes and the process of changing subjects' states of the information system has been proposed. An example of the destructive information processes spread analysis has been given.
In view of the increasingly severe network security situation of power information system, this paper draws on the experience of construction of security technology system at home and abroad, with the continuous monitoring and analysis as the core, covering the closed-loop management of defense, detection, response and prediction security as the starting point, Based on the existing defense-based static security protection architecture, a dynamic security technology architecture based on detection and response is established. Compared with the traditional PDR architecture, the architecture adds security threat prediction, strengthens behavior-based detection, and further explains the concept of dynamic defense, so that it can adapt to changes in the grid IT infrastructure and business application systems. A unified security strategy can be formed to deal with more secretive and professional advanced attacks in the future. The architecture emphasizes that network security is a cyclical confrontation process. Enterprise network security thinking should change from the past “emergency response” to “continuous response”, real-time dynamic analysis of security threats, and automatically adapt to changing networks and threat environments, and Constantly optimize its own security defense mechanism, thus effectively solving the problem of the comprehensive technology transformation and upgrading of the security technology system from the traditional passive defense to the active sensing, from the simple defense to the active confrontation, and from the independent protection to the intelligence-driven. At the same time, the paper also gives the technical evolution route of the architecture, which provides a planning basis and a landing method for the continuous fulfillment of the new requirements of the security of the power information system during the 13th Five-Year Plan period.
Among the threats to information systems of state institutions, enterprises and financial organizations of particular importance are those originating from organized criminal groups that specialize in obtaining unauthorized access to the computer information protected by law. Criminal groups often possess a material base including financial, technical, human and other resources that allow to perform targeted attacks on information resources as secretly as possible. The principal features of such targeted attacks are the use of software created or modified specifically for use in illegal purposes with respect to specific organizations. Due to these circumstances, the detection of such attacks is quite difficult, and their prevention is even more complicated. In this regard, the task of identifying and analyzing such threats is very relevant. One effective way to solve it is to implement the Honeypot system, which allows to research the strategy and tactics of the attackers. In the present article, there is proposed the original architecture of the Honeypot system designed to study targeted attacks on information systems of criminogenic objects. The architectural design includes such basic elements as the functional component, the registrar of events occurring in the system and the protector. The key features of the proposed Honeypot system are considered, and the functional purpose of its main components is described. The proposed system can find its application in providing information security of institutions, organizations and enterprises, it can be used in the development of information security systems.
In military operations, Commander's Intent describes the desired end state and purpose of the operation, expressed in a concise and clear manner. Command by intent is a paradigm that empowers subordinate units to exercise measured initiative to meet mission goals and accept prudent risk within commander's intent. It improves agility of military operations by allowing exploitation of local opportunities without an explicit directive from the commander to do so. This paper discusses what the paradigm entails in terms of architectural decisions for data fusion systems tasked with real-time information collection to satisfy operational mission goals. In our system, information needs of decisions are expressed at a high level, and shared among relevant nodes. The selected nodes, then, jointly operate to meet mission information needs by forwarding and caching relevant data without explicit directives regarding the objects to fetch and sources to contact. A preliminary evaluation of the system is presented using a target tracking application, set in the context of a NATO-based mission scenario, called Anglova. Evaluation results show that delegating some decision authority to the data fusion system (in terms of objects to fetch and sources to contact) allows it to save more network resources, while also increasing mission success rate. The system is therefore particularly well-suited to operation in partially denied or contested environments, where resource bottlenecks caused by adversarial activity impair one's ability to collect real-time information for mission-critical decision making.
Deception has been widely considered in literature as an effective means of enhancing security protection when the defender holds some private information about the ongoing rivalry unknown to the attacker. However, most of the existing works on deception assume static environments and thus consider only myopic deception, while practical security games between the defender and the attacker may happen in dynamic scenarios. To better exploit the defender's private information in dynamic environments and improve security performance, a stochastic deception game (SDG) framework is developed in this work to enable the defender to conduct foresighted deception. To solve the proposed SDG, a new iterative algorithm that is provably convergent is developed. A corresponding learning algorithm is developed as well to facilitate the defender in conducting foresighted deception in unknown dynamic environments. Numerical results show that the proposed foresighted deception can offer a substantial performance improvement as compared to the conventional myopic deception.
Used by both information systems designers and security personnel, the Attack Tree method provides a graphical analysis of the ways in which an entity (a computer system or network, an entire organization, etc.) can be attacked and indicates the countermeasures that can be taken to prevent the attackers to reach their objective. In this paper, we built an Attack Tree focused on the goal “compromising the security of a Web platform”, considering the most common vulnerabilities of the WordPress platform identified by CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures), a global reference system for recording information regarding computer security threats. Finally, based on the likelihood of the attacks, we made a quantitative analysis of the probability that the security of the Web platform can be compromised.
Establishing and operating an Information Security Management System (ISMS) to protect information values and information systems is in itself a challenge for larger enterprises and small and medium sized businesses alike. A high level of automation is required to reduce operational efforts to an acceptable level when implementing an ISMS. In this paper we present the ADAMANT framework to increase automation in information security management as a whole by establishing a continuous risk-driven and context-aware ISMS that not only automates security controls but considers all highly interconnected information security management tasks. We further illustrate how ADAMANT is suited to establish an ISO 27001 compliant ISMS for small and medium-sized enterprises and how not only the monitoring of security controls but a majority of ISMS related activities can be supported through automated process execution and workflow enactment.
Critical information systems strongly rely on event logging techniques to collect data, such as housekeeping/error events, execution traces and dumps of variables, into unstructured text logs. Event logs are the primary source to gain actionable intelligence from production systems. In spite of the recognized importance, system/application logs remain quite underutilized in security analytics when compared to conventional and structured data sources, such as audit traces, network flows and intrusion detection logs. This paper proposes a method to measure the occurrence of interesting activity (i.e., entries that should be followed up by analysts) within textual and heterogeneous runtime log streams. We use an entropy-based approach, which makes no assumptions on the structure of underlying log entries. Measurements have been done in a real-world Air Traffic Control information system through a data analytics framework. Experiments suggest that our entropy-based method represents a valuable complement to security analytics solutions.
Exploratory evaluation is an effective way to analyze and improve the security of information system. The information system structure model for security protection capability is set up in view of the exploratory evaluation requirements of security protection capability, and the requirements of agility, traceability and interpretation for exploratory evaluation are obtained by analyzing the relationship between information system, protective equipment and protection policy. Aimed at the exploratory evaluation description problem of security protection capability, the exploratory evaluation problem and exploratory evaluation process are described based on the Granular Computing theory, and a general mathematical description is established. Analysis shows that the standardized description established meets the exploratory evaluation requirements, and it can provide an analysis basis and description specification for exploratory evaluation of information system security protection capability.
The survey of related works on insider information security (IS) threats is presented. Special attention is paid to works that consider the insiders' behavioral models as it is very up-to-date for behavioral intrusion detection. Three key research directions are defined: 1) the problem analysis in general, including the development of taxonomy for insiders, attacks and countermeasures; 2) study of a specific IS threat with forecasting model development; 3) early detection of a potential insider. The models for the second and third directions are analyzed in detail. Among the second group the works on three IS threats are examined, namely insider espionage, cyber sabotage and unintentional internal IS violation. Discussion and a few directions for the future research conclude the paper.
Insider threat is a significant security risk for information system, and detection of insider threat is a major concern for information system organizers. Recently existing work mainly focused on the single pattern analysis of user single-domain behavior, which were not suitable for user behavior pattern analysis in multi-domain scenarios. However, the fusion of multi-domain irrelevant features may hide the existence of anomalies. Previous feature learning methods have relatively a large proportion of information loss in feature extraction. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid model based on the deep belief network (DBN) to detect insider threat. First, an unsupervised DBN is used to extract hidden features from the multi-domain feature extracted by the audit logs. Secondly, a One-Class SVM (OCSVM) is trained from the features learned by the DBN. The experimental results on the CERT dataset demonstrate that the DBN can be used to identify the insider threat events and it provides a new idea to feature processing for the insider threat detection.
We evaluated the support proposed by the RSO to represent graphically our EAM-ISSRM (Enterprise Architecture Management - Information System Security Risk Management) integrated model. The evaluation of the RSO visual notation has been done at two different levels: completeness with regards to the EAM-ISSRM integrated model (Section III) and cognitive effectiveness, relying on the nine principles established by D. Moody ["The 'Physics' of Notations: Toward a Scientific Basis for Constructing Visual Notations in Software Engineering," IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng., vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 756-779, Nov. 2009] (Section IV). Regarding completeness, the coverage of the EAMISSRM integrated model by the RSO is complete apart from 'Event'. As discussed in Section III, this lack is negligible and we can consider the RSO as an appropriate notation to support the EAM-ISSRM integrated model from a completeness point of view. Regarding cognitive effectiveness, many gaps have been identified with regards to the nine principle established by Moody. Although no quantitative analysis has been performed to objectify this conclusion, the RSO can decently not be considered as an appropriate notation from a cognitive effectiveness point of view and there is room to propose a notation better on this aspect. This paper is focused on assessing the RSO without suggesting improvements based on the conclusions drawn. As a consequence, our objective for future work is to propose a more cognitive effective visual notation for the EAM-ISSRM integrated model. The approach currently considered is to operationalize Moody's principles into concrete metrics and requirements, taking into account the needs and profile of the target group of our notation (information security risk managers) through personas development and user experience map. With such an approach, we will be able to make decisions on the necessary trade-offs about our visual syntax, taking care of a specific context. We also aim at valida- ing our proposal(s) with the help of tools and approaches extracted from cognitive psychology research applied to HCI domain (e.g., eye tracking, heuristic evaluation, user experience evaluation…).
Future wars will be cyber wars and the attacks will be a sturdy amalgamation of cryptography along with malware to distort information systems and its security. The explosive Internet growth facilitates cyber-attacks. Web threats include risks, that of loss of confidential data and erosion of consumer confidence in e-commerce. The emergence of cyber hack jacking threat in the new form in cyberspace is known as ransomware or crypto virus. The locker bot waits for specific triggering events, to become active. It blocks the task manager, command prompt and other cardinal executable files, a thread checks for their existence every few milliseconds, killing them if present. Imposing serious threats to the digital generation, ransomware pawns the Internet users by hijacking their system and encrypting entire system utility files and folders, and then demanding ransom in exchange for the decryption key it provides for release of the encrypted resources to its original form. We present in this research, the anatomical study of a ransomware family that recently picked up quite a rage and is called CTB locker, and go on to the hard money it makes per user, and its source C&C server, which lies with the Internet's greatest incognito mode-The Dark Net. Cryptolocker Ransomware or the CTB Locker makes a Bitcoin wallet per victim and payment mode is in the form of digital bitcoins which utilizes the anonymity network or Tor gateway. CTB Locker is the deadliest malware the world ever encountered.
Globalization of semiconductor design, manufacturing, packaging and testing has led to several security issues like over production of chips, shipping of faulty or partially functional chips, intellectual property infringement, cloning, counterfeit chips and insertion of hardware trojans in design house or at foundry etc. Adversaries will extract chips from obsolete PCB's and release used parts as new chips into the supply chain. The faulty chips or partially functioning chips can enter supply chain from untrusted Assembly Packaging and Test (APT) centers. These counterfeit parts are not reliable and cause catastrophic consequences in critical applications. To mitigate the counterfeits entering supply chain, to protect the Intellectual Property (IP) rights of owners and to meter the chip, Secure Split Test (SST) is a promising solution. CSST (Connecticut SST) is an improvement to SST, which simplifies the communication required between ATP center and design house. CSST addresses the scan tests, but it does not address the functional testing of chips. The functional testing of chips during production testing is critical in weeding out faulty chips in recent times. In this paper, we present a method called PUF-SST (Physical Unclonable Function – SST) to perform both scan tests and functional tests without compromising on security features described in CSST.
This paper has conducted a trial in establishing a systematic instrument for evaluating the performance of the marine information systems. Analytic Network Process (ANP) was introduced for determining the relative importance of a set of interdependent criteria concerned by the stakeholders (shipper/consignee, customer broker, forwarder, and container yard). Three major information platforms (MTNet, TradeVan, and Nice Shipping) in Taiwan were evaluated according to the criteria derived from ANP. Results show that the performance of marine information system can be divided into three constructs, namely: Safety and Technology (3 items), Service (3 items), and Charge (3 items). The Safety and Technology is the most important construct of marine information system evaluation, whereas Charger is the least important construct. This study give insights to improve the performance of the existing marine information systems and serve as the useful reference for the future freight information platform.
The ownership transfer of RFID tag means a tagged product changes control over the supply chain. Recently, Doss et al. proposed two secure RFID tag ownership transfer (RFID-OT) protocols based on quadratic residues. However, we find that they are vulnerable to the desynchronization attack. The attack is probabilistic. As the parameters in the protocols are adopted, the successful probability is 93.75%. We also show that the use of the pseudonym of the tag h(TID) and the new secret key KTID are not feasible. In order to solve these problems, we propose the improved schemes. Security analysis shows that the new protocols can resist in the desynchronization attack and other attacks. By optimizing the performance of the new protocols, it is more practical and feasible in the large-scale deployment of RFID tags.
Today, by widely spread of information technology (IT) usage, E-commerce security and its related legislations are very critical issue in information technology and court law. There is a consensus that security matters are the significant foundation of e-commerce, electronic consumers, and firms' privacy. While e-commerce networks need a policy for security privacy, they should be prepared for a simple consumer friendly infrastructure. Hence it is necessary to review the theoretical models for revision. In This theory review, we embody a number of former articles that cover security of e-commerce and legislation ambit at the individual level by assessing five criteria. Whether data of articles provide an effective strategy for secure-protection challenges in e-commerce and e-consumers. Whether provisions clearly remedy precedents or they need to flourish? This paper focuses on analyzing the former discussion regarding e-commerce security and existence legislation toward cyber-crime activity of e-commerce the article also purports recommendation for subsequent research which is indicate that through secure factors of e-commerce we are able to fill the vacuum of its legislation.
Homeland Security (HS) is a growing field of study in the U.S. today, generally covering risk management, terrorism studies, policy development, and other topics related to the broad field. Information security threats to both the public and private sectors are growing in intensity, frequency, and severity, and are a very real threat to the security of the nation. While there are many models for information security education at all levels of higher education, these programs are invariably offered as a technical course of study, these curricula are generally not well suited to HS students. As a result, information systems and cyber security principles are under represented in the typical HS program. The authors propose a course of study in cyber security designed to capitalize on the intellectual strengths of students in this discipline and that are consistent with the broad suite of professional needs in this discipline.
The research question of this study is: How Integration Readiness Level (IRL) metrics can be understood and realized in the domain of border control information systems. The study address to the IRL metrics and their definition, criteria, references, and questionnaires for validation of border control information systems in case of the shared maritime situational awareness system. The target of study is in improvements of ways for acceptance, operational validation, risk assessment, and development of sharing mechanisms and integration of information systems and border control information interactions and collaboration concepts in Finnish national and European border control domains.