Semiconductor microchips are the brains inside all of the electronic devices that pervade our society. To control costs, microchips are often designed and even manufactured off-shore. Outsourcing the design and fabrication of semiconductor microchips comes at the expense of their security. For one, an off-shore microchip foundry can copy or steal the chip's blueprint, and sell copies of the chip in the black market. Perhaps worse, the foundry can also modify the chip's blueprint in stealthy ways, such that modifications go undetected and the chip misbehaves in harmful ways.
