Biblio

Under the situation of regular epidemic prevention and control, teleworking has gradually become a normal working mode. With the development of modern information technologies such as big data, cloud computing and mobile Internet, it's become a problem that how to build an effective security defense system to ensure the information security of teleworking in complex network environment while ensuring the availability, collaboration and efficiency of teleworking. One of the solutions is Zero Trust Network(ZTN), most enterprise infrastructures will operate in a hybrid zero trust/perimeter-based mode while continuing to invest in IT modernization initiatives and improve organization business processes. In this paper, we have systematically studied the zero trust principles, the logical components of zero trust architecture and the key technology of zero trust network. Based on the abstract model of zero trust architecture and information security technologies, a prototype has been realized which suitable for iOS terminals to access enterprise resources safely in teleworking mode.

How can high-level directives concerning risk, cybersecurity and compliance be operationalized in the central nervous system of any organization above a certain complexity? How can the effectiveness of technological solutions for security be proven and measured, and how can this technology be aligned with the governance and financial goals at the board level? These are the essential questions for any CEO, CIO or CISO that is concerned with the wellbeing of the firm. The concept of Zero Trust (ZT) approaches information and cybersecurity from the perspective of the asset to be protected, and from the value that asset represents. Zero Trust has been around for quite some time. Most professionals associate Zero Trust with a particular architectural approach to cybersecurity, involving concepts such as segments, resources that are accessed in a secure manner and the maxim “always verify never trust”. This paper describes the current state of the art in Zero Trust usage. We investigate the limitations of current approaches and how these are addressed in the form of Critical Success Factors in the Zero Trust Framework developed by ON2IT ‘Zero Trust Innovators’ (1). Furthermore, this paper describes the design and engineering of a Zero Trust artefact that addresses the problems at hand (2), according to Design Science Research (DSR). The last part of this paper outlines the setup of an empirical validation trough practitioner oriented research, in order to gain a broader acceptance and implementation of Zero Trust strategies (3). The final result is a proposed framework and associated technology which, via Zero Trust principles, addresses multiple layers of the organization to grasp and align cybersecurity risks and understand the readiness and fitness of the organization and its measures to counter cybersecurity risks.

The security of Energy Data collection is the basis of achieving reliability and security intelligent of smart grid. The newest security communication of Data collection is Zero Trust communication; The Strategy of Zero Trust communication is that don’t trust any device of outside or inside. Only that device authenticate is successful and software and hardware is more security, the Energy intelligent power system allow the device enroll into network system, otherwise deny these devices. When the device has been communicating with the Energy system, the Zero Trust still need to detect its security and vulnerability, if device have any security issue or vulnerability issue, the Zero Trust deny from network system, it ensures that Energy power system absolute security, which lays a foundation for the security analysis of intelligent power unit.

This short paper argues that current conceptions in trust formation scholarship miss the context of zero trust, a practice growing in importance in cyber security. The contribution of this paper presents a novel approach to help conceptualize and operationalize zero trust and a call for a research agenda. Further work will expand this model and explore the implications of zero trust in future digital systems.

Zero trust security model has been picking up adoption in various organizations due to its various advantages. Data quality is still one of the fundamental challenges in data curation in many organizations where data consumers don’t trust data due to associated quality issues. As a result, there is a lack of confidence in making business decisions based on data. We design a model based on the zero trust security model to demonstrate how the trust of data consumers can be established. We present a sample application to distinguish the traditional approach from the zero trust based data quality framework.

Zero Trust security model permits to secure cloud native applications while encrypting all network communication, authenticating, and authorizing every request. The service mesh can enable Zero Trust using a side-car proxy without changes to the application code. To the best of our knowledge, no previous work has provided a performance analysis of Zero Trust in a multi-cloud environment. This paper proposes a multi-cloud framework and a testing workflow to analyse performance of the data plane under load and the impact on the control plane, when Zero Trust is enabled. The results of preliminary tests show that Istio has reduced latency variability in responding to sequential HTTP requests. Results also reveal that the overall CPU and memory usage can increase based on service mesh configuration and the cloud environment.

Cloud storage is a low-cost and convenient storage method, but the nature of cloud storage determines the existence of security risks for data uploaded by users. In order to ensure the security of users' data in third-party cloud platforms, a zero trust security platform for data trusteeship is proposed. The platform introduces the concept of zero trust, which meets the needs of users to upload sensitive data to untrusted third-party cloud platforms by implementing multiple functional modules such as sensitivity analysis service, cipher index service, attribute encryption service.

With the rise of the cloud computing and services, the network environments tend to be more complex and enormous. Security control becomes more and more hard due to the frequent and various access and requests. There are a few techniques to solve the problem which developed separately in the recent years. Network Micro-Segmentation provides the system the ability to keep different parts separated. Zero Trust Model ensures the network is access to trusted users and business by applying the policy that verify and authenticate everything. With the combination of Segmentation and Zero Trust Model, a system will obtain the ability to control the access to organizations' or industrial valuable assets. To implement the cooperation, the paper designs a strategy named light verification to help the process to be painless for the cost of inspection. The strategy was found to be effective from the perspective of the technical management, security and usability.

Perimeter models, which provide access control for protecting resources on networks, make authorization decisions using the source network of access requests as one of critical factors. However, such models are problematic because once a network is intruded, the attacker gains access to all of its resources. To overcome the above problem, a Zero Trust Network (ZTN) is proposed as a new security model in which access control is performed by authenticating users who request access and then authorizing such requests using various information about users and devices called contexts. To correctly make authorization decisions, this model must take a large amount of various contexts into account. However, in some cases, an access control mechanism cannot collect enough context to make decisions, e.g., when an organization that enforces access control joins the identity federation and uses systems operated by other organizations. This is because the contexts collected using the systems are stored in individual systems and no federation exists for sharing contexts. In this study, we propose the concept of a Zero Trust Federation (ZTF), which applies the concept of ZTN under the identity federation, and a method for sharing context among systems of organizations. Since context is sensitive to user privacy, we also propose a mechanism for sharing contexts under user control. We also verify context sharing by implementing a ZTF prototype.

In recent years, biometric authentication, such as fingerprint and face recognition, has become widespread in smartphones. However, fingerprint and face authentication have the problem that they cannot be used depending on the condition of the user's fingers or face. Therefore, we have been investigating a new biometric authentication system using pinna as a personal authentication system for smart phones. We have studied a personal authentication system using the Pinna Related Transfer Function (PRTF), which is an acoustic transfer function measured from the pinna. However, since the position of the smartphone changes every time it is placed on the ear, there is a problem that the authentication rate decreases. In this paper, we propose a multimodal personal authentication system using PRTF, pinna images, and smartphone location information, and verify its effectiveness. The results show that the proposed authentication system can improve the robustness against the fluctuation of the smartphone location.

The two-factor authentication (2FA) has drawn increasingly attention as the mobile devices become more prevalent. For example, the user's possession of the enrolled phone could be used by the 2FA system as the second proof to protect his/her online accounts. Existing 2FA solutions mainly require some form of user-device interaction, which may severely affect user experience and creates extra burdens to users. In this work, we propose Proximity-Echo, a secure 2FA system utilizing the proximity of a user's enrolled phone and the login device as the second proof without requiring the user's interactions or pre-constructed device fingerprints. The basic idea of Proximity-Echo is to derive location signatures based on acoustic beep signals emitted alternately by both devices and sensing the echoes with microphones, and compare the extracted signatures for proximity detection. Given the received beep signal, our system designs a period selection scheme to identify two sound segments accurately: the chirp period is the sound segment propagating directly from the speaker to the microphone whereas the echo period is the sound segment reflected back by surrounding objects. To achieve an accurate proximity detection, we develop a new energy loss compensation extraction scheme by utilizing the extracted chirp periods to estimate the intrinsic differences of energy loss between microphones of the enrolled phone and the login device. Our proximity detection component then conducts the similarity comparison between the identified two echo periods after the energy loss compensation to effectively determine whether the enrolled phone and the login device are in proximity for 2FA. Our experimental results show that our Proximity-Echo is accurate in providing 2FA and robust to both man-in-the-middle (MiM) and co-located attacks across different scenarios and device models.

Most of existing audio fingerprinting systems have limitations to be used for high-specific audio retrieval at scale. In this work, we generate a low-dimensional representation from a short unit segment of audio, and couple this fingerprint with a fast maximum inner-product search. To this end, we present a contrastive learning framework that derives from the segment-level search objective. Each update in training uses a batch consisting of a set of pseudo labels, randomly selected original samples, and their augmented replicas. These replicas can simulate the degrading effects on original audio signals by applying small time offsets and various types of distortions, such as background noise and room/microphone impulse responses. In the segment-level search task, where the conventional audio fingerprinting systems used to fail, our system using 10x smaller storage has shown promising results. Our code and dataset are available at https://mimbres.github.io/neural-audio-fp/.

In recent years, one of the important and interesting tasks has become the protection of civilian and military objects from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) carrying a potential threat. To solve this problem, it is required to detect UAVs and activate protective systems. UAVs can be represented as aerodynamic objects of the monoplane or multicopter type with acoustic fingerprints. In this paper we consider algorithm for UAV acoustic detection and recognition system. Preliminary results of analysis of experimental data show effectiveness of proposed approach.

Zero Trust Model ensures each node is responsible for the approval of the transaction before it gets committed. The data owners can track their data while it’s shared amongst the various data custodians ensuring data security. The consensus algorithm enables the users to trust the network as malicious nodes fail to get approval from all nodes, thereby causing the transaction to be aborted. The use case chosen to demonstrate the proposed consensus algorithm is the college placement system. The algorithm has been extended to implement a diversified, decentralized, automated placement system, wherein the data owner i.e. the student, maintains an immutable certificate vault and the student’s data has been validated by a verifier network i.e. the academic department and placement department. The data transfer from student to companies is recorded as transactions in the distributed ledger or blockchain allowing the data to be tracked by the student.

Mechanical faults of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) often occurred, which may cause serious losses. Detecting vibration signal was effective for condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of GIS. The vibration characteristic of GIS in service was detected and researched based on a developed testing system in this paper, and feature fingerprint extraction method was proposed to evaluate vibration characteristics and diagnose mechanical defects. Through analyzing the spectrum of the vibration signal, we could see that vibration frequency of operating GIS was about 100Hz under normal condition. By means of the wavelet transformation, the vibration fingerprint was extracted for the diagnosis of mechanical vibration. The mechanical vibration characteristic of GIS including circuit breaker and arrester in service was detected, we could see that the frequency distribution of abnormal vibration signal was wider, it contained a lot of high harmonic components besides the 100Hz component, and the vibration acoustic fingerprint was totally different from the normal ones, that is, by comparing the frequency spectra and vibration fingerprint, the mechanical faults of GIS could be found effectively.

Most anti-collusion audio fingerprinting schemes are aiming at finding colluders from the illegal redistributed audio copies. However, the loss caused by the redistributed versions is inevitable. In this letter, a novel fingerprinting scheme is proposed to eliminate the motivation of collusion attack. The audio signal is transformed to the frequency domain by the Fourier transform, and the coefficients in frequency domain are reversed in different degrees according to the fingerprint sequence. Different from other fingerprinting schemes, the coefficients of the host media are excessively modified by the proposed method in order to reduce the quality of the colluded version significantly, but the imperceptibility is well preserved. Experiments show that the colluded audio cannot be reused because of the poor quality. In addition, the proposed method can also resist other common attacks. Various kinds of copyright risks and losses caused by the illegal redistribution are effectively avoided, which is significant for protecting the copyright of audio.

It is necessary to improve the safety of the underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) since it is mostly used in the military industry. Specific emitter identification is the process of identifying different transmitters based on the radio frequency fingerprint extracted from the received signal. The sonar transmitter is a typical low-frequency radiation source and is an important part of the UASNs. Class D power amplifier, a typical nonlinear amplifier, is usually used in sonar transmitters. The inherent nonlinearity of power amplifiers provides fingerprint features that can be distinguished without transmitters for specific emitter recognition. First, the nonlinearity of the sonar transmitter is studied in-depth, and the nonlinearity of the power amplifier is modeled and its nonlinearity characteristics are analyzed. After obtaining the nonlinear model of an amplifier, a similar amplifier in practical application is obtained by changing its model parameters as the research object. The output signals are collected by giving the same input of different models, and, then, the output signals are extracted and classified. In this paper, the memory polynomial model is used to model the amplifier. The power spectrum features of the output signals are extracted as fingerprint features. Then, the dimensionality of the high-dimensional features is reduced. Finally, the classifier is used to recognize the amplifier. The experimental results show that the individual sonar transmitter can be well identified by using the nonlinear characteristics of the signal. By this way, this method can enhance the communication safety of the UASNs.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) can determine the position of any person or object on earth based on satellite signals. But when inside the building, the GPS cannot receive signals, the indoor positioning system will determine the precise position. How to achieve more precise positioning is the difficulty of an indoor positioning system now. In this paper, we proposed an ultra-wideband fingerprinting positioning method based on a convolutional neural network (CNN), and we collect the dataset in a room to test the model, then compare our method with the existing method. In the experiment, our method can reach an accuracy of 98.36%. Compared with other fingerprint positioning methods our method has a great improvement in robustness. That results show that our method has good practicality while achieves higher accuracy.

This paper investigates the impact of authentication on effective capacity (EC) of an underwater acoustic (UWA) channel. Specifically, the UWA channel is under impersonation attack by a malicious node (Eve) present in the close vicinity of the legitimate node pair (Alice and Bob); Eve tries to inject its malicious data into the system by making Bob believe that she is indeed Alice. To thwart the impersonation attack by Eve, Bob utilizes the distance of the transmit node as the feature/fingerprint to carry out feature-based authentication at the physical layer. Due to authentication at Bob, due to lack of channel knowledge at the transmit node (Alice or Eve), and due to the threshold-based decoding error model, the relevant dynamics of the considered system could be modelled by a Markov chain (MC). Thus, we compute the state-transition probabilities of the MC, and the moment generating function for the service process corresponding to each state. This enables us to derive a closed-form expression of the EC in terms of authentication parameters. Furthermore, we compute the optimal transmission rate (at Alice) through gradient-descent (GD) technique and artificial neural network (ANN) method. Simulation results show that the EC decreases under severe authentication constraints (i.e., more false alarms and more transmissions by Eve). Simulation results also reveal that the (optimal transmission rate) performance of the ANN technique is quite close to that of the GTJ method.

An acoustic fingerprint is a condensed and powerful digital signature of an audio signal which is used for audio sample identification. A fingerprint is the pattern of a voice or audio sample. A large number of algorithms have been developed for generating such acoustic fingerprints. These algorithms facilitate systems that perform song searching, song identification, and song duplication detection. In this study, a comprehensive and powerful survey of already developed algorithms is conducted. Four major music fingerprinting algorithms are evaluated for identifying and analyzing the potential hurdles that can affect their results. Since the background and environmental noise reduces the efficiency of music fingerprinting algorithms, behavioral analysis of fingerprinting algorithms is performed using audio samples of different languages and under different environmental conditions. The results of music fingerprint classification are more successful when deep learning techniques for classification are used. The testing of the acoustic feature modeling and music fingerprinting algorithms is performed using the standard dataset of iKala, MusicBrainz and MIR-1K.

Indoor localization has been a popular research subject in recent years. Usually, object localization using sound involves devices on the objects, acquiring data from stationary sound sources, or by localizing the objects with external sensors when the object generates sounds. Indoor localization systems using microphones have traditionally also used systems with several microphones, setting the limitations on cost efficiency and required space for the systems. In this paper, the goal is to investigate whether it is possible for a stationary system to localize a silent object in a room, with only one microphone and ambient noise as information carrier. A subtraction method has been combined with a fingerprint technique, to define and distinguish the noise absorption characteristic of the silent object in the frequency domain for different object positions. The absorption characteristics of several positions of the object is taken as comparison references, serving as fingerprints of known positions for an object. With the experiment result, the tentative idea has been verified as feasible, and noise signal based lateral localization of silent objects can be achieved.

Voice user interfaces can offer intuitive interaction with our devices, but the usability and audio quality could be further improved if multiple devices could collaborate to provide a distributed voice user interface. To ensure that users' voices are not shared with unauthorized devices, it is however necessary to design an access management system that adapts to the users' needs. Prior work has demonstrated that a combination of audio fingerprinting and fuzzy cryptography yields a robust pairing of devices without sharing the information that they record. However, the robustness of these systems is partially based on the extensive duration of the recordings that are required to obtain the fingerprint. This paper analyzes methods for robust generation of acoustic fingerprints in short periods of time to enable the responsive pairing of devices according to changes in the acoustic scenery and can be integrated into other typical speech processing tools.

The fingerprint sensor based on pMUTs was reported [1]. Spatial resolution of the image depends on the size of the acoustic source when a plane wave is used. If the size of the acoustic source is smaller, piezoelectric films with high dielectric constant are required. In this study, in order to obtain small acoustic source, we proposed Pb(Zrx Th-x)O3 (PZT) epitaxial transducers with high dielectric constant. PbTiO3 (PTO) epitaxial films were grown on conductive La-SrTiO3 (STO) substrate by RF magnetron sputtering. Longitudinal wave conversion loss of PTO transducers was measured by a network analyzer. The thermoplastic elastomer was used instead of real fingerprint. We confirmed that conversion loss of piezoelectric film/substrate structure was increased by contacting the elastomer due the change of reflection coefficient of the substrate bottom/elastomer interface. Minimum conversion loss images were obtained by mechanically scanning the soft probe on the transducer surface. We achieved the detection of the fingerprint phantom based on the elastomer in the GHz.

In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become increasingly accessible to the public due to their high availability with affordable prices while being equipped with better technology. However, this raises a great concern from both the cyber and physical security perspectives since UAVs can be utilized for malicious activities in order to exploit vulnerabilities by spying on private properties, critical areas or to carry dangerous objects such as explosives which makes them a great threat to the society. Drone identification is considered the first step in a multi-procedural process in securing physical infrastructure against this threat. In this paper, we present drone detection and identification methods using deep learning techniques such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (CRNN). These algorithms will be utilized to exploit the unique acoustic fingerprints of the flying drones in order to detect and identify them. We propose a comparison between the performance of different neural networks based on our dataset which features audio recorded samples of drone activities. The major contribution of our work is to validate the usage of these methodologies of drone detection and identification in real life scenarios and to provide a robust comparison of the performance between different deep neural network algorithms for this application. In addition, we are releasing the dataset of drone audio clips for the research community for further analysis.

There are two main contributions in this paper: Firstly, by analyzing the frequency domain features and Mel domain features, we can identify footstep events and non-footstep events. Secondly, we compared the two footstep sound signals of the same person in frequency domain under different experimental conditions, finding that almost all of their peak frequencies and trough frequencies in the main frequency band are respectively corresponding one-to-one. However for the two different people, even under the same experimental conditions, it is difficult to have the same peak frequencies and trough frequencies in the main frequency band of their footstep sound signals. Therefore, this feature of footstep sound signals can be used to identify different people.