Biblio

Big Data is a concept used in various sectors today, including the government sector in the Smart Government initiative. With a large amount of structured and unstructured data being managed, information assurance becomes important in adopting Big Data. However, so far, no research has focused on information assurance for Big Data. This paper identified information assurance factors for Big Data. This research used the systematic snapshot mapping approach to examine factors relating to information assurance from the literature related to Big Data from 2011 through 2021. The data extraction process in gathering 15 relevant papers. The findings revealed ten factors influencing the information assurance implementation for Big Data, with the security factor becoming the most concentrated factor with 18 sub-factors. The findings are expected to serve as a foundation for adopting information assurance for Big Data to develop an information assurance framework for Smart Government.

This paper presents topological sorting methods to minimize the multiplicative depth of encrypted arithmetic expressions. The research aims to increase compatibility between nonlinear dynamic control schemes and homomorphic encryption methods, which are known to be limited by the quantity of multiplicative operations. The proposed method adapts rewrite rules originally developed for encrypted binary circuits to depth manipulation of arithmetic circuits. The paper further introduces methods to normalize circuit paths that have incompatible depth. Finally, the paper provides benchmarks demonstrating the improved depth in encrypted computed torque control of a dynamic manipulator and discusses how achieved improvements translate to increased cybersecurity.

Homomorphic encryption is suitable for a machine learning in the cloud such as a privacy-preserving machine learning. However, ordinary homomorphic public key encryption has a problem that public key holders can generate ciphertexts and anyone can execute homomorphic operations. In this paper, we will propose a solution based on the Keyed Homomorphic-Public Key Encryption proposed by Emura et al.

Facial emotion recognition helps feed the growth of the future artificial intelligence with the development of emotion recognition, learning, and analysis of different angles of a human face and head pose. The world's recent pandemic gave rise to the rapid installment of facial recognition for fewer applications, while emotion recognition is still within the experimental boundaries. The current challenges encountered with facial emotion recognition (FER) are the difference between background noises. Since today's world shows us that humans soon need robotics in the most significant role of human perception, attention, memory, decision-making, and human-robot interaction (HRI) needs employees. By merging the head pose as a combination towards the FER to boost the robustness in understanding emotions using the convolutional neural networks (CNN). The stochastic gradient descent with a comprehensive model is adopted by applying multi-task learning capable of implicit parallelism, inherent and better global optimizer in finding better network weights. After executing a multi-task learning model using two independent datasets, the experiment with the FER and head pose learning multi-views co-regularization frameworks were subsequently merged with validation accuracy.

The digital transformation brought on by 5G is redefining current models of end-to-end (E2E) connectivity and service reliability to include security-by-design principles necessary to enable 5G to achieve its promise. 5G trustworthiness highlights the importance of embedding security capabilities from the very beginning while the 5G architecture is being defined and standardized. Security requirements need to overlay and permeate through the different layers of 5G systems (physical, network, and application) as well as different parts of an E2E 5G architecture within a risk-management framework that takes into account the evolving security-threats landscape. 5G presents a typical use-case of wireless communication and computer networking convergence, where 5G fundamental building blocks include components such as Software Defined Networks (SDN), Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and the edge cloud. This convergence extends many of the security challenges and opportunities applicable to SDN/NFV and cloud to 5G networks. Thus, 5G security needs to consider additional security requirements (compared to previous generations) such as SDN controller security, hypervisor security, orchestrator security, cloud security, edge security, etc. At the same time, 5G networks offer security improvement opportunities that should be considered. Here, 5G architectural flexibility, programmability and complexity can be harnessed to improve resilience and reliability. The working group scope fundamentally addresses the following: •5G security considerations need to overlay and permeate through the different layers of the 5G systems (physical, network, and application) as well as different parts of an E2E 5G architecture including a risk management framework that takes into account the evolving security threats landscape. •5G exemplifies a use-case of heterogeneous access and computer networking convergence, which extends a unique set of security challenges and opportunities (e.g., related to SDN/NFV and edge cloud, etc.) to 5G networks. Similarly, 5G networks by design offer potential security benefits and opportunities through harnessing the architecture flexibility, programmability and complexity to improve its resilience and reliability. •The IEEE FNI security WG's roadmap framework follows a taxonomic structure, differentiating the 5G functional pillars and corresponding cybersecurity risks. As part of cross collaboration, the security working group will also look into the security issues associated with other roadmap working groups within the IEEE Future Network Initiative.

Cognitive Radio (CR) is an attractive solution in mobile communication for solving the spectrum scarcity problem. Moreover, security concerns are not yet fully satisfied. This article focuses on attacks such as the Primary user emulation attack (PUE) and the jammer attack. These attacks create anomalous spectrum access thereby disturbing the dynamic spectrum usage in the CR networks. A framework based on cross-layer has been designed effectively to determine these attacks in the CR networks. First, each secondary user will sense the spectrum in the physical layer and construct a feature space. Using the extracted features, the clusters are formed effectively for each user. In the network layer, multipath routing is employed to discover the routes for the secondary user. If the node in the path identifies any spectrum shortage, it will verify that location with the help of constructed cluster. If the node does not belong to any of the clusters, then it will be identified as the attacker node. Simulation results and security analysis are performed using the NS2 simulations, which show improvement in detection of the attacks, decrease in the detection delay, and less route dis-connectivity. The proposed cross-layer framework identifies the anomalous spectrum access attack effectively.

In this modern era, web security is often required to beware from fraudulent activities. There are several hackers try to build a program that can interact with web pages automatically and try to breach the data or make several junk entries due to that web servers get hanged. To stop the junk entries; CAPTCHA is a solution through which bots can be identified and denied the machine based program to intervene with. CAPTCHA stands for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart. In the progression of CAPTCHA; there are several methods available such as distorted text, picture recognition, math solving and gaming based CAPTCHA. Game based turing test is very much popular now a day but there are several methods through which game can be cracked because game is not intellectual. So, there is a required of intrinsic CAPTCHA. The proposed system is based on Intrinsic Decision based Situation Reaction Challenge. The proposed system is able to better classify the humans and bots by its intrinsic problem. It has been considered as human is more capable to deal with the real life problems and machine is bit poor to understand the situation or how the problem can be solved. So, proposed system challenges with simple situations which is easier for human but almost impossible for bots. Human is required to use his common sense only and problem can be solved with few seconds.

When storing face biometric samples in accordance with ISO/IEC 19794 as JPEG2000 encoded images, it is necessary to encrypt them for the sake of users’ privacy. Literature suggests selective encryption of JPEG2000 images as fast and efficient method for encryption, the trade-off is that some information is left in plaintext. This could be used by an attacker, in case the encrypted biometric samples are leaked. In this work, we will attempt to utilize a convolutional neural network to perform cryptanalysis of the encryption scheme. That is, we want to assess if there is any information left in plaintext in the selectively encrypted face images which can be used to identify the person. The chosen approach is to train CNNs for biometric face recognition not only with plaintext face samples but additionally conduct a refinement training with partially encrypted data. If this system can successfully utilize encrypted face samples for biometric matching, we can show that the information left in encrypted biometric face samples is information actually usable for biometric recognition.The method works and we can show that a supposedly secure biometric sample still contains identifying information on average over the whole database.

Biometric security is the fastest growing area that receives considerable attention over the past few years. Digital hiding and encryption technologies provide an effective solution to secure biometric information from intentional or accidental attacks. Visual cryptography is the approach utilized for encrypting the information which is in the form of visual information for example images. Meanwhile, the biometric template stored in the databases are generally in the form of images, the visual cryptography could be employed effectively for encrypting the template from the attack. This study develops a share creation with improved encryption process for secure biometric verification (SCIEP-SBV) technique. The presented SCIEP-SBV technique majorly aims to attain security via encryption and share creation (SC) procedure. Firstly, the biometric images undergo SC process to produce several shares. For encryption process, homomorphic encryption (HE) technique is utilized in this work. To further improve the secrecy, an improved bald eagle search (IBES) approach was exploited in this work. The simulation values of the SCIEP-SBV system are tested on biometric images. The extensive comparison study demonstrated the improved outcomes of the SCIEP-SBV technique over compared methods.

Cybersecurity is important in the field of information technology. One most recent pressing issue is information security. When we think of cybersecurity, the first thing that comes to mind is cyber-attacks, which are on the rise, such as Ransomware. Various governments and businesses take a variety of measures to combat cybercrime. People are still concerned about ransomware, despite numerous cybersecurity precautions. In ransomware, the attacker encrypts the victim’s files/data and demands payment to unlock the data. Cybersecurity is a collection of tools, regulations, security guards, security ideas, guidelines, risk management, activities, training, insurance, best practices, and technology used to secure the cyber environment, organization, and user assets. This paper analyses ransomware attacks, techniques for dealing with these attacks, and future challenges.

In today’s digital world, Mobile SMS (short message service) communication has almost become a part of every human life. Meanwhile each mobile user suffers from the harass of Spam SMS. These Spam SMS constitute veritable nuisance to mobile subscribers. Though hackers or spammers try to intrude in mobile computing devices, SMS support for mobile devices become more vulnerable as attacker tries to intrude into the system by sending unsolicited messages. An attacker can gain remote access over mobile devices. We propose a novel approach that can analyze message content and find features using the TF-IDF techniques to efficiently detect Spam Messages and Ham messages using different Machine Learning Classifiers. The Classifiers going to use in proposed work can be measured with the help of metrics such as Accuracy, Precision and Recall. In our proposed approach accuracy rate will be increased by using the Voting Classifier.

The world’s most important industrial economy is particularly vulnerable to both external and internal threats, such as the one uncovered in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Industrial Control Systems (ICS). Upon those systems, the success criteria for security are quite dynamic. Security flaws in these automated SCADA systems have already been discovered by infiltrating the entire network in addition to reducing production line hazards. The objective of our review article is to show various potential future research voids that recent studies have, as well as how many methods are available to concentrate on specific aspects of risk assessment of manufactured systems. The state-of-the-art methods in cyber security risk assessment of SCADA systems are reviewed and compared in this research. Multiple contemporary risk assessment approaches developed for or deployed in the settings of a SCADA system are considered and examined in detail. We outline the approaches’ main points before analyzing them in terms of risk assessment, conventional analytical procedures, and research challenges. The paper also examines possible risk regions or locations where breaches in such automated SCADA systems can emerge, as well as solutions as to how to safeguard and eliminate the hazards when they arise during production manufacturing.

The growing amount of data and advances in data science have created a need for a new kind of cloud platform that provides users with flexibility, strong security, and the ability to couple with supercomputers and edge devices through high-performance networks. We have built such a nation-wide cloud platform, called "mdx" to meet this need. The mdx platform's virtualization service, jointly operated by 9 national universities and 2 national research institutes in Japan, launched in 2021, and more features are in development. Currently mdx is used by researchers in a wide variety of domains, including materials informatics, geo-spatial information science, life science, astronomical science, economics, social science, and computer science. This paper provides an overview of the mdx platform, details the motivation for its development, reports its current status, and outlines its future plans.

Long analysis times are a key bottleneck for the widespread adoption of whole-program static analysis tools. Fortunately, however, a user is often only interested in finding errors in the application code, which constitutes a small fraction of the whole program. Current application-focused analysis tools overapproximate the effect of the library and hence reduce the precision of the analysis results. However, empirical studies have shown that users have high expectations on precision and will ignore tool results that don't meet these expectations. In this paper, we introduce the first tool QueryMax that significantly speeds up an application code analysis without dropping any precision. QueryMax acts as a pre-processor to an existing analysis tool to select a partial library that is most relevant to the analysis queries in the application code. The selected partial library plus the application is given as input to the existing static analysis tool, with the remaining library pointers treated as the bottom element in the abstract domain. This achieves a significant speedup over a whole-program analysis, at the cost of a few lost errors, and with no loss in precision. We instantiate and run experiments on QueryMax for a cast-check analysis and a null-pointer analysis. For a particular configuration, QueryMax enables these two analyses to achieve, relative to a whole-program analysis, an average recall of 87%, a precision of 100% and a geometric mean speedup of 10x.

While digitization of distribution grids through information and communications technology brings numerous benefits, it also increases the grid's vulnerability to serious cyber attacks. Unlike conventional systems, attacks on many industrial control systems such as power grids often occur in multiple stages, with the attacker taking several steps at once to achieve its goal. Detection mechanisms with situational awareness are needed to detect orchestrated attack steps as part of a coherent attack campaign. To provide a foundation for detection and prevention of such attacks, this paper addresses the detection of multi-stage cyber attacks with the aid of a graph-based cyber intelligence database and alert correlation approach. Specifically, we propose an approach to detect multi-stage attacks by lever-aging heterogeneous data to form a knowledge base and employ a model-based correlation approach on the generated alerts to identify multi-stage cyber attack sequences taking place in the network. We investigate the detection quality of the proposed approach by using a case study of a multi-stage cyber attack campaign in a future-orientated power grid pilot.

Similar to any spoof detection systems, power grid monitoring systems and devices are subject to various cyberattacks by determined and well-funded adversaries. Many well-publicized real-world cyberattacks on power grid systems have been publicly reported. Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) networks with Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs) are the main building blocks of the overall wide area monitoring and situational awareness systems in the power grid. The data between PMUs and PDC(s) are sent through the legacy networks, which are subject to many attack scenarios under with no, or inadequate, countermeasures in protocols, such as IEEE 37.118-2. In this paper, we consider a stealthier data spoofing attack against PMU networks, called a mirroring attack, where an adversary basically injects a copy of a set of packets in reverse order immediately following their original positions, wiping out the correct values. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time in the literature, we consider a more challenging attack both in terms of the strategy and the lower percentage of spoofed attacks. As part of our countermeasure detection scheme, we make use of novel framing approach to make application of a 2D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based approach which avoids the computational overhead of the classical sample-based classification algorithms. Our experimental evaluation results show promising results in terms of both high accuracy and true positive rates even under the aforementioned stealthy adversarial attack scenarios.

The Network Security and Risk (NSR) management team in an enterprise is responsible for maintaining the network which includes switches, routers, firewalls, controllers, etc. Due to the ever-increasing threat of capitalizing on the vulnerabilities to create cyber-attacks across the globe, a major objective of the NSR team is to keep network infrastructure safe and secure. NSR team ensures this by taking proactive measures of periodic audits of network devices. Further external auditors are engaged in the audit process. Audit information is primarily stored in an internal database of the enterprise. This generic approach could result in a trust deficit during external audits. This paper proposes a method to improve the security and integrity of the audit information by using blockchain technology, which can greatly enhance the trust factor between the auditors and enterprises.

A persistent and serious danger to the Internet is a denial of service attack on a large scale (DDoS) attack using machine learning. Because they originate at the low layers, new Infections that use genuine hypertext transfer protocol requests to overload target resources are more untraceable than application layer-based cyberattacks. Using network flow traces to construct an access matrix, this research presents a method for detecting distributed denial of service attack machine learning assaults. Independent component analysis decreases the number of attributes utilized in detection because it is multidimensional. Independent component analysis can be used to translate features into high dimensions and then locate feature subsets. Furthermore, during the training and testing phase of the updated source support vector machine for classification, their performance it is possible to keep track of the detection rate and false alarms. Modified source support vector machine is popular for pattern classification because it produces good results when compared to other approaches, and it outperforms other methods in testing even when given less information about the dataset. To increase classification rate, modified source support Vector machine is used, which is optimized using BAT and the modified Cuckoo Search method. When compared to standard classifiers, the acquired findings indicate better performance.

With the rapid growth of wireless communication, sensor technology, and mobile computing, the ad hoc network has gained increasing attention from governments, corporations, and scientific research organisations. Ad hoc and sensor network security has become crucial. Malicious node identification, network resilience and survival, and trust models are among the security challenges discussed. The security of ad hoc networks is a key problem. In this paper, we'll look at a few security procedures and approaches that can be useful in keeping this network secure. We've compiled a list of all the ad networks' descriptions with explanations. Before presenting our conclusions from the examination of the literature, we went through various papers on the issue. The taxonomy diagram for the Ad-hoc Decentralized Network is the next item on the agenda. Security is one of the most significant challenges with an ad hoc network. In most cases, cyber-attackers will be able to connect to a wireless ad hoc network and, as a result, to the device if they reach within signal range. So, we moved on to a discussion of VANET, UAVs security issues discovered in the field. The outcomes of various ad hoc network methods were then summarised in the form tables. Furthermore, the Diffie Hellman Key Exchange is used to investigate strategies for improving ad-hoc network security and privacy in the next section, and a comparison of RSA with Diffie Hellman is also illustrated. This paper can be used as a guide and reference to provide readers with a broad knowledge of wireless ad hoc networks and how to deal with their security issues.

This demonstration presents an internet of things device (thermostat), whose security is enforced by a secure element (smartcard) running TLS server, and using Virtual Input/Ouput technology. The board comprises a Wi-Fi system on chip (SoC), a micro-controller managing sensor (temperature probe) and actuator (relay), and a javacard. All device messages are sent/received over TLS, and processed by the secure element. Some of them are exported to micro-controller in clear form, which returns a response, sent over TLS by the smartcard.

Many studies have been conducted to detect various malicious activities in cyberspace using classifiers built by machine learning. However, it is natural for any classifier to make mistakes, and hence, human verification is necessary. One method to address this issue is eXplainable AI (XAI), which provides a reason for the classification result. However, when the number of classification results to be verified is large, it is not realistic to check the output of the XAI for all cases. In addition, it is sometimes difficult to interpret the output of XAI. In this study, we propose a machine learning model called classification verifier that verifies the classification results by using the output of XAI as a feature and raises objections when there is doubt about the reliability of the classification results. The results of experiments on malicious website detection and malware detection show that the proposed classification verifier can efficiently identify misclassified malicious activities.

Automatic Static Analysis Tools (ASATs) detect coding rule violations, including mistakes and bad practices that frequently occur during programming. While ASATs are widely used in both OSS and industry, the developers do not resolve more than 80% of the detected violations. As one of the reasons, most ASATs users do not customize their ASATs to their projects after installation; the ASATs with the default configuration report many rule violations that confuse developers. To reduce the ratio of such uninteresting warning messages, we propose a method to customize ASATs according to the product source code automatically. Our fundamental hypothesis is: A software project has interesting ASAT rules that are consistent over time. Our method takes source code as input and generates an ASAT configuration. In particular, the method enables optional (i.e., disabled by default) rules that detected no violations on the version because developers are likely to follow the rules in future development. Our method also disables violated rules because developers were unlikely to follow them. To evaluate the method, we applied our method to 643 versions of four JavaScript projects. The generated configurations for all four projects increased the ASAT precision. They also increased recall for two projects. The result shows that our method helps developers to focus on their attractive rule violations. Our implementation of the proposed method is available at https://github.com/devreplay/linter-maintainer

The accelerated penetration rate of renewable energy sources (RES) brings environmental benefits at the expense of increasing operation cost and undermining the satisfaction of the N-1 security criterion. To address the latter issue, this paper extends the state of the art, i.e. deterministic AC security-constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF), to capture two new dimensions: RES stochasticity and inter-temporal constraints of emerging sources of flexibility such as flexible loads (FL) and energy storage systems (ESS). Accordingly, the paper proposes and solves for the first time a new problem formulation in the form of stochastic multi-period AC SCOPF (S-MP-SCOPF). The S-MP-SCOPF is formulated as a non-linear programming (NLP). It computes optimal setpoints in day-ahead operation of flexibility resources and other conventional control means for congestion management and voltage control. Another salient feature of this paper is the comprehensive and accurate modelling: AC power flow model for both pre-contingency and post-contingency states, joint active/reactive power flows, inter-temporal resources such as FL and ESS in a 24-hours time horizon, and RES uncertainties. The applicability of the proposed model is tested on 5-bus (6 contingencies) and 60 bus Nordic32 (33 contingencies) systems.

As malware detection algorithms and methods become more sophisticated, malware authors adopt equally sophisticated evasion mechanisms to defeat them. Anecdotal evidence claims Living-Off-The-Land (LotL) techniques are one of the major evasion techniques used in many malware attacks. These techniques leverage binaries already present in the system to conduct malicious actions. We present the first large-scale systematic investigation of the use of these techniques by malware on Windows systems.In this paper, we analyse how common the use of these native system binaries is across several malware datasets, containing a total of 31,805,549 samples. We identify an average 9.41% prevalence. Our results show that the use of LotL techniques is prolific, particularly in Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) malware samples where the prevalence is 26.26%, over twice that of commodity malware.To illustrate the evasive potential of LotL techniques, we test the usage of LotL techniques against several fully patched Windows systems in a local sandboxed environment and show that there is a generalised detection gap in 10 of the most popular anti-virus products.

In this paper, internet is among the basic necessities of life. Internet has changed each and everybody's lives. So confidentiality of messages is very important over the internet. Steganography is the science of sending secret messages between the sender and intended receiver. It is such a technique that makes the exchange of covert messages possible. Each time a carrier is to be used for achieving steganography. The carrier plays a major role in establishing covert communication channel. This survey paper introduces steganography and its carriers. This paper concentrates on network protocols to be used as a carrier of steganograms. There are a number of protocols available to do so in the networks. Network steganography describes various methods used for transmitting data over a network without it being detected. Most of the methods proposed for hiding data in a network do not offer an additional protection to the covert data as it is sent as plain text. This paper presents a framework that offers the protection to the covert data by encrypting it and compresses it for gain in efficiency.