Biblio

The paradigm of fog computing has set new trends and heights in the modern world networking and have overcome the major technical complexities of cloud computing. It is not a replacement of cloud computing technology but it just adds feasible advanced characteristics to existing cloud computing paradigm.fog computing not only provide storage, networking and computing services but also provide a platform for IoT (internet of things). However, the fog computing technology also arise the threat to privacy and security of the data and services. The existing security and privacy mechanisms of the cloud computing cannot be applied to the fog computing directly due to its basic characteristics of large-scale geo-distribution, mobility and heterogeneity. This article provides an overview of the present existing issues and challenges in fog computing.

Many companies within the Internet of Things (IoT) sector rely on the personal data of users to deliver and monetize their services, creating a high demand for personal information. A user can be seen as making a series of transactions, each involving the exchange of personal data for a service. In this paper, we argue that privacy can be described quantitatively, using the game- theoretic concept of value of information (VoI), enabling us to assess whether each exchange is an advantageous one for the user. We introduce PrivacyGate, an extension to the Android operating system built for the purpose of studying privacy of IoT transactions. An example study, and its initial results, are provided to illustrate its capabilities.

Due to the increasing concerns of securing private information, context-aware Internet of Things (IoT) applications are in dire need of supporting data privacy preservation for users. In the past years, game theory has been widely applied to design secure and privacy-preserving protocols for users to counter various attacks, and most of the existing work is based on a two-player game model, i.e., a user/defender-attacker game. In this paper, we consider a more practical scenario which involves three players: a user, an attacker, and a service provider, and such a complicated system renders any two-player model inapplicable. To capture the complex interactions between the service provider, the user, and the attacker, we propose a hierarchical two-layer three-player game framework. Finally, we carry out a comprehensive numerical study to validate our proposed game framework and theoretical analysis.

In an Internet of Things (IOT) network, each node (device) provides and requires services and with the growth in IOT, the number of nodes providing the same service have also increased, thus creating a problem of selecting one reliable service from among many providers. In this paper, we propose a scalable graph-based collaborative filtering recommendation algorithm, improved using trust to solve service selection problem, which can scale to match the growth in IOT unlike a central recommender which fails. Using this recommender, a node can predict its ratings for the nodes that are providing the required service and then select the best rated service provider.

The paper introduces a smart system developed with sensors that is useful for internal and external security. The system is useful for people living in houses, apartments, high officials, bank, and offices. The system is developed in two phases one for internal security like home another is external security like open areas, streets. The system is consist of a mobile application, capacitive sensing, smart routing these valuable features to ensure safety of life and wealth. This security system is wireless sensor based which is an effective alternative of cctv cameras and other available security systems. Efficiency of this system is developed after going through practical studies and prototyping. The end result explains the feasibility rate, positive impact factor, reliability of the system. More research is possible in future based on this system this research explains that.

There has been increasing interest in adopting BlockChain (BC), that underpins the crypto-currency Bitcoin, in Internet of Things (IoT) for security and privacy. However, BCs are computationally expensive and involve high bandwidth overhead and delays, which are not suitable for most IoT devices. This paper proposes a lightweight BC-based architecture for IoT that virtually eliminates the overheads of classic BC, while maintaining most of its security and privacy benefits. IoT devices benefit from a private immutable ledger, that acts similar to BC but is managed centrally, to optimize energy consumption. High resource devices create an overlay network to implement a publicly accessible distributed BC that ensures end-to-end security and privacy. The proposed architecture uses distributed trust to reduce the block validation processing time. We explore our approach in a smart home setting as a representative case study for broader IoT applications. Qualitative evaluation of the architecture under common threat models highlights its effectiveness in providing security and privacy for IoT applications. Simulations demonstrate that our method decreases packet and processing overhead significantly compared to the BC implementation used in Bitcoin.

We all are very much aware of IoT that is Internet of Things which is emerging technology in today's world. The new and advanced field of technology and inventions make use of IoT for better facility. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. Our project is based on IoT and other supporting techniques which can bring out required output. Security issues are everywhere now-a-days which we are trying to deal with by our project. Our security throwbot (a throwable device) will be tossed into a room after activating it and it will capture 360 degree panaromic video from a single IP camera, by using two end connectivity that is, robot end and another is user end, will bring more features to this project. Shape of the robot will be shperical so that problem of retrieving back can be solved. Easy to use and cheap to buy is one of our goal which will be helpful to police and soldiers who get stuck in situations where they have to question oneself before entering to dangerous condition/room. Our project will help them to handle and verify any area before entering by just throwing this robot and getting the sufficient results.

In this paper we discuss the Internet of Things (IoT) by exploring aspects which go beyond the proliferation of devices and information enabled by: the growth of the Internet, increased miniaturization, prolonged battery life and an IT literate user base. We highlight the role of feedback mechanisms and illustrate this with reference to implemented computer enabled factory control systems. As the technology has developed, the cost of computing has reduced drastically, programming interfaces have improved, sensors are simpler and more cost effective and high performance communications across a wide area are readily available. We illustrate this by considering an application based on the Raspberry Pi, which is a low cost, small, programmable and network capable computer based on a powerful ARM processor with a programmable I/O interface, which can provide access to sensors (and other devices). The prototype application running on this platform can sense the presence of human being, using inexpensive passive infrared detectors. This can be used to monitor the activity of vulnerable adults, logging the results to a central server using a domestic Internet solution over a Wireless LAN. Whilst this demonstrates the potential for the use of such control/monitoring systems, practical systems spanning thousands of sites will be more complex to deliver and will have more stringent data processing and management demands and security requirements. We will discuss these concepts in the context of delivery of a smart interconnected society.

Many of the emerging wide-area monitoring protection and control (WAMPAC) applications in modern electrical grids rely heavily on the availability and integrity of widespread phasor measurement unit (PMU) data. Therefore, it is critical to protect PMU networks against growing cyber-attacks and system faults. In this paper, we present a self-healing PMU network design that considers both power system observability and communication network characteristics. Our design utilizes centralized network control, such as the emerging software-defined networking (SDN) technology, to design resilient network self-healing algorithms against cyber-attacks. Upon detection of a cyber-attack, the PMU network can reconfigure itself to isolate compromised devices and re-route measurement
data with the goal of preserving the power system observability. We have developed a proof-of-concept system in a container-based network testbed using integer linear programming to solve a graphbased PMU system model.We also evaluate the system performance regarding the self-healing plan generation and installation using the IEEE 30-bus system.
 

Reliability and robustness of Internet of Things (IoT)-cloud-based communication is an important issue for prospective development of the IoT concept. In this regard, a robust and unique client-to-cloud communication physical layer is required. Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) is regarded as a suitable physics-based random identification hardware, but suffers from reliability problems. In this paper, we propose novel hardware concepts and furthermore an analysis method in CMOS technology to improve the hardware-based robustness of the generated PUF word from its first point of generation to the last cloud-interfacing point in a client. Moreover, we present a spectral analysis for an inexpensive high-yield implementation in a 65nm generation. We also offer robust monitoring concepts for the PUF-interfacing communication physical layer hardware.

This paper presents a true random number generator that exploits the subthreshold properties of jitter of events propagating in a self-timed ring and jitter of events propagating in an inverter based ring oscillator. Design was implemented in 180nm CMOS flash process. Devices provide high quality random bit sequences passing FIPS 140-2 and NIST SP 800-22 statistical tests which guaranty uniform distribution and unpredictability thanks to the physics based entropy source.

The paper presents an example Sensor-cloud architecture that integrates security as its native ingredient. It is based on the multi-layer client-server model with separation of physical and virtual instances of sensors, gateways, application servers and data storage. It proposes the application of virtualised sensor nodes as a prerequisite for increasing security, privacy, reliability and data protection. All main concerns in Sensor-Cloud security are addressed: from secure association, authentication and authorization to privacy and data integrity and protection. The main concept is that securing the virtual instances is easier to implement, manage and audit and the only bottleneck is the physical interaction between real sensor and its virtual reflection.

The Semantic Web can be used to enable the interoperability of IoT devices and to annotate their functional and nonfunctional properties, including security and privacy. In this paper, we will show how to use the ontology and JSON-LD to annotate connectivity, security and privacy properties of IoT devices. Out of that, we will present our prototype for a lightweight, secure application level protocol wrapper that ensures communication consistency, secrecy and integrity for low cost IoT devices like the ESP8266 and Photon particle.

This paper outlines the IoT Databox model as a means of making the Internet of Things (IoT) accountable to individuals. Accountability is a key to building consumer trust and mandated in data protection legislation. We briefly outline the `external' data subject accountability requirement specified in actual legislation in Europe and proposed legislation in the US, and how meeting requirement this turns on surfacing the invisible actions and interactions of connected devices and the social arrangements in which they are embedded. The IoT Databox model is proposed as an in principle means of enabling accountability and providing individuals with the mechanisms needed to build trust in the IoT.

Existing data management and searching system for Internet of Things uses centralized database. For this reason, security vulnerabilities are found in this system which consists of server such as IP spoofing, single point of failure and Sybil attack. This paper proposes data management system is based on blockchain which ensures security by using ECDSA digital signature and SHA-256 hash function. Location that is indicated as IP address of data owner and data name are transcribed in block which is included in the blockchain. Furthermore, we devise data manegement and searching method through analyzing block hash value. By using security properties of blockchain such as authentication, non-repudiation and data integrity, this system has advantage of security comparing to previous data management and searching system using centralized database or P2P networks.

Thanks to the occurrence of the Internet of Things (IoT), the devices are able to collect and transmit data via the Internet and contributing to our big data world. It will permit devices to exchange monitoring data content in real time. Real-time communication (RTC) with these devices was analyzed in respect to the Network delay. Network coding (NC) combines data packets and the output packet which is a mixture of the input packets. This technique can provide many potential gains to the network, including reducing Round-Trip Time (RTT), decreasing latency and improving Network delay (ND). In the present paper, the authors improve network delay metrics in the context of the remote management of renewable energy using a random NC with an efficient strategy technique.

The Internet of Things (IoT) increasingly demonstrates its role in smart services, such as smart home, smart grid, smart transportation, etc. However, due to lack of standards among different vendors, existing networked IoT devices (NoTs) can hardly provide enough security. Moreover, it is impractical to apply advanced cryptographic solutions to many NoTs due to limited computing capability and power supply. Inspired by recent advances in IoT demand, in this paper, we develop an IoT security architecture that can protect NoTs in different IoT scenarios. Specifically, the security architecture consists of an auditing module and two network-level security controllers. The auditing module is designed to have a stand-alone intrusion detection system for threat detection in a NoT network cluster. The two network-level security controllers are designed to provide security services from either network resource management or cryptographic schemes regardless of the NoT security capability. We also demonstrate the proposed IoT security architecture with a network based one-hop confidentiality scheme and a cryptography-based secure link mechanism.

The following topics are dealt with: feature extraction; data mining; support vector machines; mobile computing; photovoltaic power systems; mean square error methods; fault diagnosis; natural language processing; control system synthesis; and Internet of Things.

Internet of Things (loT) is network connected “Things” such as vehicles, buildings, embedded systems, sensors, as well as people. IoT enables these objects to collect and exchange data of interest to complete various tasks including patient health monitoring, environmental monitoring, system condition prognostics and prediction, smart grid, smart buildings, smart cities, and do on. Due to the large scale of and the limited host processor computation power in an IoT system, effective security provisioning is shifting from software-based security implementation to hardware-based security implementation in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. Moreover, FPGA can take over the work of infrastructure components to preserve and protect critical components and minimize the negative impacts on these components. In this paper, we employ Xilinx Zynq-7000 Series System-on-Chip (SoC) ZC706 prototype board to design an IoT device. To defend against threats to FPGA design, we have studied Zynq-ZC706 to (1) encrypt FPGA bitstream to protect the IoT device from bitstream decoding; (2) encrypt system boot image to enhance system security; and (3) ensure the FPGA operates correctly as intended via authentication to avoid spoofing and Trojan Horse attacks.

Emerging computing relies heavily on secure backend storage for the massive size of big data originating from the Internet of Things (IoT) smart devices to the Cloud-hosted web applications. Structured Query Language (SQL) Injection Attack (SQLIA) remains an intruder's exploit of choice to pilfer confidential data from the back-end database with damaging ramifications. The existing approaches were all before the new emerging computing in the context of the Internet big data mining and as such will lack the ability to cope with new signatures concealed in a large volume of web requests over time. Also, these existing approaches were strings lookup approaches aimed at on-premise application domain boundary, not applicable to roaming Cloud-hosted services' edge Software-Defined Network (SDN) to application endpoints with large web request hits. Using a Machine Learning (ML) approach provides scalable big data mining for SQLIA detection and prevention. Unfortunately, the absence of corpus to train a classifier is an issue well known in SQLIA research in applying Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. This paper presents an application context pattern-driven corpus to train a supervised learning model. The model is trained with ML algorithms of Two-Class Support Vector Machine (TC SVM) and Two-Class Logistic Regression (TC LR) implemented on Microsoft Azure Machine Learning (MAML) studio to mitigate SQLIA. This scheme presented here, then forms the subject of the empirical evaluation in Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve.

In many Internet of Thing (IoT) application domains security is a critical requirement, because malicious parties can undermine the effectiveness of IoT-based systems by compromising single components and/or communication channels. Thus, a security infrastructure is needed to ensure the proper functioning of such systems even under attack. However, it is also critical that security be at a reasonable resource and energy cost, as many IoT devices may not have sufficient resources to host expensive security tools. In this paper, we focus on the problem of efficiently and effectively securing IoT networks by carefully allocating security tools. We model our problem according to game theory, and provide a Pareto-optimal solution, in which the cost of the security infrastructure, its energy consumption, and the probability of a successful attack, are minimized. Our experimental evaluation shows that our technique improves the system robustness in terms of packet delivery rate for different network topologies.

We present a formal method for computing the best security provisioning for Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios characterized by a high degree of mobility. The security infrastructure is intended as a security resource allocation plan, computed as the solution of an optimization problem that minimizes the risk of having IoT devices not monitored by any resource. We employ the shortfall as a risk measure, a concept mostly used in the economics, and adapt it to our scenario. We show how to compute and evaluate an allocation plan, and how such security solutions address the continuous topology changes that affect an IoT environment.

This paper presents a 28nm SoC with a programmable FC-DNN accelerator design that demonstrates: (1) HW support to exploit data sparsity by eliding unnecessary computations (4× energy reduction); (2) improved algorithmic error tolerance using sign-magnitude number format for weights and datapath computation; (3) improved circuit-level timing violation tolerance in datapath logic via timeborrowing; (4) combined circuit and algorithmic resilience with Razor timing violation detection to reduce energy via VDD scaling or increase throughput via FCLK scaling; and (5) high classification accuracy (98.36% for MNIST test set) while tolerating aggregate timing violation rates \textbackslashtextgreater10-1. The accelerator achieves a minimum energy of 0.36μJ/pred at 667MHz, maximum throughput at 1.2GHz and 0.57μJ/pred, or a 10%-margined operating point at 1GHz and 0.58μJ/pred.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has bridged our physical world to the cyber world which allows us to achieve our desired lifestyle. However, service security is an essential part to ensure that the designed service is not compromised. In this paper, we proposed a security analysis for IoT services. We focus on the context of detecting malicious operation from an event log of the designed IoT services. We utilized Petri nets with data to model IoT service which is logically correct. Then, we check the trace from an event log by tracking the captured process and data. Finally, we illustrated the approach with a smart home service and showed the effectiveness of our approach.

As demonstrated recently, Wireless Physical Layer Security (WPLS) has the potential to offer substantial advantages for key management for small resource-constrained and, therefore, low-cost IoT-devices, e.g., the widely applied 8-bit MCU 8051. In this paper, we present a WPLS testbed implementation for independent performance and security evaluations. The testbed is based on off-the-shelf hardware and utilizes the IEEE 802.15.4 communication standard for key extraction and secret key rate estimation in real-time. The testbed can include generically multiple transceivers to simulate legitimate parties or eavesdropper. We believe with the testbed we provide a first step to make experimental-based WPLS research results comparable. As an example, we present evaluation results of several test cases we performed, while for further information we refer to https://pls.rub.de.