Biblio

Smart governments are known as extensions of e-governments both built on the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, we classify smart governments into two types (1) new generation and (2) extended smart-government. We then put forth a framework for smart governments implementation and discuss the major challenges in its implementation showing security as the most prominent challenge in USA, mindscaping in Kuwait and investment in India.

Nowadays citizens live in a world where communication technologies offer opportunities for new interactions between people and society. Clearly, e-government is changing the way citizens relate to their government, moving the interaction of physical environment and management towards digital participation. Therefore, it is necessary for e-government to have procedures in place to prevent and lessen the negative impact of an attack or intrusion by third parties. In this research work, he focuses on the implementation of anonymous communication in a proof of concept application called “Delta”, whose function is to allow auctions and offers of products, thus marking the basis for future implementations in e-government services.

This paper presents a case study on the use and implementation of the Qualified Digital Signature. Problematics such as the degree of use, security and authenticity of Qualified Digital Signature and the publication and dissemination of documents signed in digital format are analyzed. In order to support the case study, a methodology was adopted that included interviews with municipalities that are part of the Intermunicipal Community of the region of Leiria and a computer application was developed that allowed to analyze the documents available in the institutional websites of the municipalities, the ones that were digitally signed. The results show that institutional websites are already providing documentation with Qualified Digital Signature and that the level of trust and authenticity regarding their use is considered to be mostly very positive.

The low attention to security and privacy causes some problems on data and information that can lead to a lack of public trust in e-Gov service. Security threats are not only included in technical issues but also non-technical issues and therefore, it needs the implementation of inclusive security. The application of inclusive security to e-Gov needs to develop a model involving security and privacy requirements as a trusted security solution. The method used is the elicitation of security and privacy requirements in a security perspective. Identification is carried out on security and privacy properties, then security and privacy relationships are determined. The next step is developing the design of an inclusive security model on e-Gov. The last step is doing an analysis of e-Gov service activities and the role of inclusive security. The results of this study identified security and privacy requirements for building inclusive security. Identification of security requirements involves properties such as confidentiality (C), integrity (I), availability (A). Meanwhile, privacy requirement involves authentication (Au), authorization (Az), and Non-repudiation (Nr) properties. Furthermore, an inclusive security design model on e-Gov requires trust of internet (ToI) and trust of government (ToG) as an e-Gov service provider. Access control is needed to provide solutions to e-Gov service activities.

The government in the era of big data requires safer infrastructure, information storage and data application. As a result, security threats will be the bottleneck for e-government development. Based on the e-government hierarchy model, this thesis focuses on such information security threats as human effects, network technology defects and management deficiency facing the e-government system in the era of big data. On this basis, three solutions are put forward to improve e-government information security system. Firstly, enhance information security awareness and improve network technology of information management departments in the government; secondly, conduct proper information encryption by ensuring information confidentiality and identity authentication; thirdly, implement strict information management through isolation between intranet and extranet and united planning of e-government information management.

Security is one of the main and continual challenges that restrict government stakeholders (e.g. citizens) engagement with the cloud services. This paper has as its objective the discovery of the security perceptions of cloud-based e-government services from the citizens' and IT-staff perspectives. It investigates the factors that influence the citizen's perception of security. Little efforts have been done by previous literature to investigate and analyze the integration between citizens' concerns regarding the perceived security and those of IT -staff, the current study highlights this issue. This work provides an empirical study to understand citizens' priorities, needs and expectations regarding the perceived security of cloud-based e-government services which are a novel e-government initiative in Jordan, also enriches the existing security perceptions literature by introducing new insights. An interpretive-qualitative approach was adopted, as it helps to understand the participants' perceptions in the research natural setting.

There has been growing concern about privacy and security risks towards electronic-government (e-government) services adoption. Though there are positive results of e- government, there are still other contestable challenges that hamper success of e-government services. While many of the challenges have received considerable attention, there is still little to no firm research on others such as privacy and security risks, effects of infrastructure both in urban and rural settings. Other concerns that have received little consideration are how for instance; e-government serves as a function of perceived usefulness, ease of use, perceived benefit, as well as cultural dimensions and demographic constructs in South Africa. Guided by technology acceptance model, privacy calculus, Hofstede cultural theory and institutional logic theory, the current research sought to examine determinants of e- government use in developing countries. Anchored upon the aforementioned theories and background, the current study proposed three recommendations as potential value chain, derived from e-government service in response to citizens (end- user) support, government and community of stakeholders.

Research Purpose: The distributed, traceable and security of blockchain technology are applicable to the construction of new government information resource models, which could eliminate the barn effect and trust in government information sharing, as well as promoting the transformation of government affairs from management to service, it is also of great significance to the sharing of government information and construction of service-oriented e-government. Propose Methods: By analyzing the current problems of government information sharing, combined with literature research, this paper proposes the theoretical framework and advantages of blockchain technology applied to government information management and sharing, expounds the blockchain-based solution, it also constructs a government information sharing model based on blockchain, and gives implementation strategies at the technical and management levels. Results and Conclusion: The government information sharing model based on the blockchain solution and the transparency of government information can be used as a research framework for information interaction analysis between the government and users. It can also promote the construction and development of information sharing for Chinese government, as well as providing unified information sharing solution at the departmental and regional levels for e-government.

With the development of new technologies in the world, governments have tendency to make a communications with people and business with the help of such technologies. Electronic government (e-government) is defined as utilizing information technologies such as electronic networks, Internet and mobile phones by organizations and state institutions in order to making wide communication between citizens, business and different state institutions. Development of e-government starts with making website in order to share information with users and is considered as the main infrastructure for further development. Website assessment is considered as a way for improving service quality. Different international researches have introduced various indexes for website assessment, they only see some dimensions of website in their research. In this paper, the most important indexes for website quality assessment based on accurate review of previous studies are "Web design", "navigation", services", "maintenance and Support", "Citizens Participation", "Information Quality", "Privacy and Security", "Responsiveness", "Usability". Considering mentioned indexes in designing the website facilitates user interaction with the e-government websites.

In this study, we conducted a survey of those who have used E-Government Services (civil servants, employees of public institutions, and the public) to empirically identify the factors affecting the continuous use intention E-Government Services, and conducted an empirical analysis using SPSS and Smart PLS with 284 valid samples except for dual, error and poor answers. Based on the success model of the information system (IS access model), we set independent variables which were divided into quality factors (service quality, system quality, information quality) and risk factors (personal information and security), and perceived ease of use and reliability, which are the main variables based on the technology acceptance model (TAM) that best describes the parameter group, were established as useful parameters. In addition, we design the research model by setting user satisfaction and the continuous use intention as dependent variables, conducted the study about how affecting factors influence to the acceptance factors through 14 hypotheses.The study found that 12 from 14 hypotheses were adopted and 2 were rejected. Looking at the results derived, it was analyzed that, firstly, 3 quality factors all affect perceived ease of use in relation to the quality of service, system quality, information quality which are perceived ease of use of E-Government Services. Second, in relation to the quality of service quality, system quality, information quality and perceived usefulness which are the quality factors of E-Government Services, the quality of service and information quality affect perceived usefulness, but system quality does not affect perceived usefulness. Third, it was analyzed that both factors influence reliability in the relationship between Privacy and security and trust which are risk factors. Fourth, the relationship between perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness has shown that perceived ease of use does not affect perceived usefulness. Finally, the relationship between user value factors (perceptual usability, perceived usefulness and trust) and user satisfaction and the continuous use intention was analyzed that user value factors affect user satisfaction while user satisfaction affects the continuous use intention. This study can be meaningful in that it theoretically presented the factors influencing the continued acceptance of e-government services through precedent research, presented the variables and measurement items verified through the empirical analysis process, and verified the causal relationship between the variables. The e-government service can contribute to the implementation of e-government in line with the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution by using it as a reference to the establishment of policies to improve the quality of people's lives and provide convenient services to the people.

Many countries around the world have realized the benefits of the e-government platform in peoples' daily life, and accordingly have already made partial implementations of the key e-government processes. However, before full implementation of all potential services can be made, governments demand the deployment of effective information security measures to ensure secrecy and privacy of their citizens. In this paper, a robust watermarking algorithm is proposed to provide copyright protection for e-government document images. The proposed algorithm utilizes two transforms: the Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT) and the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed e-government document images watermarking algorithm performs considerably well compared to existing relevant algorithms.

e-Government is needed to actualize clean, effective, transparent and accountable governance as well as quality and reliable public services. The implementation of e-Government is currently constrained because there is no derivative regulation, one of which is the regulation for e-Government Security. To answer this need, this study aims to provide input on performance management and governance systems for e-Government Security with the hope that the control design for e-Government Security can be met. The results of this study are the e-Government Security Governance System taken from 28 core models of COBIT 2019. The 28 core models were taken using CSF and risk. Furthermore, performance management for this governance system consists of capability and maturity levels which is an extension of the evaluation process in the e-Government Evaluation Guidelines issued by the Ministry of PAN & RB. The evaluation of the design carried out by determining the current condition of capability and maturity level in Badan XYZ. The result of the evaluation shows that the design possible to be implemented and needed.

Due to the increased diversity and complexity of cyberattacks, innovative and effective analytics are needed in order to identify critical cyber incidents on a corporate network even if no ground truth data is available. This paper develops an automated system which processes a set of intrusion alerts to create behavior aggregates and then classifies these aggregates into empirical attack models through a dynamic Bayesian approach with innovative feature engineering methods. Each attack model represents a unique collective attack behavior that helps to identify critical activities on the network. Using 2017 National Collegiate Penetration Testing Competition data, it is demonstrated that the developed system is capable of generating and refining unique attack models that make sense to human, without a priori knowledge.

In the process of diagnosing the culture of information security in an organization, it is considered two methods, the first one is the application of an ISCA (Information Security Culture Assessment) survey questionnaire and the second one based on social engineering techniques such as phishing, answering the question, How can a diagnosis be made effectively of the level of information security culture within an organization? with the objective of determining which of the two methods is the most effective and realistic for the diagnosis of the information security culture. This helps to understand and have a real and complete perception of the behavior and reaction of the users against the attacks of threat actors who make use of persuasion and manipulation tactics in order to obtain confidential or sensitive information. A description of these two methods is applied to a case study (public university). As a result, it is obtained that it is not enough to perform a diagnosis based on questionnaires because they can be relatively subjective in the sense of the way in which users respond to questions or statements. Evidence of controlled social engineering attacks that demonstrate in more detail the real behavior of users should be considered. Based on this more complete knowledge, appropriate strategies can be formulated for the change or strengthening of the security culture that ultimately contributes to the purpose of protecting information assets.

The last decade has witnessed an increase in online human interactions, covering all aspects of personal and professional activities. Identification of people based on their behavior rather than physical traits is a growing industry, spanning diverse spheres such as online education, e-commerce and cyber security. One prominent behavior is the expression of opinions, commonly as a reaction to images posted online. Visual aesthetic is a soft, behavioral biometric that refers to a person's sense of fondness to a certain image. Identifying individuals using their visual aesthetics as discriminatory features is an emerging domain of research. This paper introduces a new method for aesthetic feature dimensionality reduction using gene expression programming. The advantage of this method is that the resulting system is capable of using a tree-based genetic approach for feature recombination. Reducing feature dimensionality improves classifier accuracy, reduces computation runtime, and minimizes required storage. The results obtained on a dataset of 200 Flickr users evaluating 40000 images demonstrates a 94% accuracy of identity recognition based solely on users' aesthetic preferences. This outperforms the best-known method by 13.5%.

This study was conducted in order to assess the E-security behavior of students in a large higher educational institutions in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Specifically, it sought to determine the current state of students' E-security behavior in the aspects of malware, password usage, data handling, phishing, social engineering, and online scam. An E- Security Behavior Survey Instrument (EBSI) was used to determine the status of security behavior of the participants in doing their computing activities. To complement the survey tool, focus group discussions were conducted to elicit specific experiences and insights of the participants relative to E-security. The results of the study shows that the overall E-security behavior among students in higher education in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is moderately favorable. Specifically, the investigation reveals that the students favorably behave when it comes to phishing, social engineering, and online scam. However, they uncertainly behave on malware issues, password usage, and data handling.

Cybersecurity cannot be addressed by technology alone; the most intractable aspects are in fact sociotechnical. As a result, the 'human factor' has been recognised as being the weakest and most obscure link in creating safe and secure digital environments. This study examines the subjective and often complex nature of human factors in the cybersecurity context through a systematic literature review of 27 articles which span across technical, behavior and social sciences perspectives. Results from our study suggest that there is still a predominately a technical focus, which excludes the consideration of human factors in cybersecurity. Our literature review suggests that this is due to a lack of consolidation of the attributes pertaining to human factors; the application of theoretical frameworks; and a lack of in-depth qualitative studies. To ensure that these gaps are addressed, we propose that future studies take into consideration (a) consolidating the human factors; (b) examining cyber security from an interdisciplinary approach; (c) conducting additional qualitative research whilst investigating human factors in cybersecurity.

Financial fraud is commonly represented by the use of illegal practices where they can intervene from senior managers until payroll employees, becoming a crime punishable by law. There are many techniques developed to analyze, detect and prevent this behavior, being the most important the fraud triangle theory associated with the classic financial audit model. In order to perform this research, a survey of the related works in the existing literature was carried out, with the purpose of establishing our own framework. In this context, this paper presents FraudFind, a conceptual framework that allows to identify and outline a group of people inside an banking organization who commit fraud, supported by the fraud triangle theory. FraudFind works in the approach of continuous audit that will be in charge of collecting information of agents installed in user's equipment. It is based on semantic techniques applied through the collection of phrases typed by the users under study for later being transferred to a repository for later analysis. This proposal encourages to contribute with the field of cybersecurity, in the reduction of cases of financial fraud.

Social media are increasingly reflecting and influencing the behavior of human and financial market. Cognitive hacking leverages the influence of social media to spread deceptive information with an intent to gain abnormal profits illegally or to cause losses. Measuring the information content in financial social media can be useful for identifying these attacks. In this paper, we developed an approach to identifying social media features that correlate with abnormal returns of the stocks of companies vulnerable to be targets of cognitive hacking. To test the approach, we collected price data and 865,289 social media messages on four technology companies from July 2017 to June 2018, and extracted features that contributed to abnormal stock movements. Preliminary results show that terms that are simple, motivate actions, incite emotion, and uses exaggeration are ranked high in the features of messages associated with abnormal price movements. We also provide selected messages to illustrate the use of these features in potential cognitive hacking attacks.

As the Internet of Things (IoT) era raise, billions of additional connected devices in new locations and applications will create new challenges. Security and privacy are among the major challenges in IoT as any breaches and misuse in those aspects will have the adverse impact on users. Among many factors that determine the security of any system, human factor is the most important aspect to be considered; as it is renowned that human is the weakest link in the information security cycle. Experts express the need to increase cyber resilience culture and a focus on the human factors involved in cybersecurity to counter cyber risks. The aim of this study is to propose a conceptual model to improve cyber resilience in IoT users that is adapted from a model in public health sector. Cyber resilience is improved through promoting security behavior by gathering the existing knowledge and gain understanding about every contributing aspects. The proposed approach is expected to be used as foundation for government, especially in Indonesia, to derive strategies in improving cyber resilience of IoT users.

Cybersecurity is a growing concern for private individuals and professional entities. Thereby, reports have shown that the majority of cybersecurity incidents occur because users fail to behave securely. Research on human cybersecurity (HCS) behavior suggests that time pressure is one of the important driving factors behind insecure HCS behavior. However, as our review reveals, studies on the role of time pressure in HCS are scant and there is no framework that can inform researchers and practitioners on this matter. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework consisting of contexts, psychological constructs, and boundary conditions pertaining to the role time pressure plays on HCS behavior. The framework is also validated and extended by findings from semi-structured interviews of different stakeholder groups comprising of cybersecurity experts, professionals, and general users. The framework will serve as a guideline for future studies exploring different aspects of time pressure in cybersecurity contexts and also to identify potential countermeasures for the detrimental impact of time pressure on HCS behavior.

In this paper, the cybersecurity of distributed secondary voltage control of AC microgrids is addressed. A resilient approach is proposed to mitigate the negative impacts of cyberthreats on the voltage and reactive power control of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). The proposed secondary voltage control is inspired by the resilient flocking of a mobile robot team. This approach utilizes a virtual time-varying communication graph in which the quality of the communication links is virtualized and determined based on the synchronization behavior of DERs. The utilized control protocols on DERs ensure that the connectivity of the virtual communication graph is above a specific resilience threshold. Once the resilience threshold is satisfied the Weighted Mean Subsequence Reduced (WMSR) algorithm is applied to satisfy voltage restoration in the presence of malicious adversaries. A typical microgrid test system including 6 DERs is simulated to verify the validity of proposed resilient control approach.

To increase security and to offer user experiences according to the requirements of a hyper-connected world, modern vehicles are integrating complex electronic systems, being transformed into systems of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). While a great diversity of heterogeneous hardware and software components must work together and control in real-time crucial functionalities, cybersecurity for the automotive sector is still in its infancy. This paper provides an analysis of the most common vulnerabilities and risks of connected vehicles, using a real example based on industrial and market-ready technologies. Several components have been implemented to inject and simulate multiple attacks, which enable security services and mitigation actions to be developed and validated.

Automatic test systems designed to validate the performance of military and aerospace products have always been held to a higher standard; moreover, emerging threats to data security and instrumentation integrity continue to raise this bar. Engineers are faced with growing pressure to not only ensure that the unit under test (UUT) meets all design criteria, but that it remains safe from malicious attacks aimed at gaining access to test parameters or results, controlling of test sequences and functionality, downloading malware, or impacting functionality by way of counterfeit parts installed in instrumentation. This paper will delve into the cybersecurity issue from the perspective of the test development environment, including the use of test executives, and the challenges associated with minimizing impact to data integrity and access to control. An undetected data breach on military / aerospace automated test equipment (ATE) holds significance beyond just the test system, since mission critical electronics associated with avionics, radar, electronic warfare and missile assemblies must also be protected. One topic discussed will be the impact of adopting methods and procedures detailed in the Department of Defense's (DoD) Application Security Technical Implementation Guide, which is based on NIST documents and details how to manage and maintain a secure software-based system such as an ATE system. Another aspect of cybersecurity that is often overlooked in the world of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) instrumentation and switching systems is the potential impact on the UUT from substandard counterfeit parts and those embedded with malware. Concerns with counterfeit material can encompass a range of threats including the re-purposing of used parts and new knockoff parts with substandard operating characteristics represented and sold as new hardware. One of the most concerning aspects, parts intentionally infected with malware, can pose a significant risk to personnel and national security. We will discuss various strategies aimed at countering these threats, including the adoption of policies and procedures outlined in AS9100D and AS5553, which can mitigate these risks.

The number of phishing attacks has increased in Latin America, exceeding the operational skills of cybersecurity analysts. The cognitive security application proposes the use of bigdata, machine learning, and data analytics to improve response times in attack detection. This paper presents an investigation about the analysis of anomalous behavior related with phishing web attacks and how machine learning techniques can be an option to face the problem. This analysis is made with the use of an contaminated data sets, and python tools for developing machine learning for detect phishing attacks through of the analysis of URLs to determinate if are good or bad URLs in base of specific characteristics of the URLs, with the goal of provide realtime information for take proactive decisions that minimize the impact of an attack.