| Title | All-optical switching behaviours in synthetic ferrimagnetic heterostructures with different ferromagnetic-layer Curie temperatures |
| Publication Type | Conference Paper |
| Year of Publication | 2017 |
| Authors | Liao, J., Vallobra, P., Petit, D., Vemulkar, T., O'Brien, L., Malinowski, G., Hehn, M., Mangin, S., Cowburn, R. |
| Conference Name | 2017 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG) |
| Keywords | all-optical control, all-optical switching behaviours, anomalous Hall effect measurements, antiferromagnetic RKKY interlayer exchange coupling, AOS, boron alloys, circularly polarized beam, cobalt alloys, CoFeB, complex magnetic multilayers, composite CoFeB layer, composite materials, compositionality, controlled helicity-dependent switching, Curie temperature, current carrying wire, DC current density, DC magnetron sputtering, ferrimagnetic materials, ferromagnetic layers, ferromagnetic materials, ferromagnetic-layer Curie temperatures, final magnetic configuration, FM1 layers, FM2 layers, Frequency modulation, glass substrates, Hall cross, Hall effect, initial magnetic configuration, initial magnetic state, ion milling, iron alloys, laser beam effects, laser beam polarizations, laser beam position, Laser beams, laser polarization, laser sweeping measurement, layer structure, left-handed beam, magnetic configurations, magnetic hysteresis, Magnetic multilayers, magnetic properties, magneto-optical devices, magnetoelectronics, Magnetometers, Measurement by laser beam, normalized Hall voltage, optical lithography, optical multilayers, optical retarders, optical switches, opto-spintronics devices, perpendicular anisotropy, perpendicular Hall hysteresis loops, perpendicular hysteresis loops, photolithography, power 0.45 mW, Pt layers, pubcrawl, pulse duration, quarter-wave plate, remanence, resilience, Resiliency, room temperature, Ru layer, single FM layers, single layer, size 5 mum, sputtering, synthetic ferrimagnetic heterostructures, temperature 293 K to 298 K, temperature 524 K, Temperature measurement, temperature-dependent magnetization scans, Ti: sapphire fs-laser, time 43 fs, vibrating sample magnetometry, VSM, wavelength 800 nm |
| Abstract | Summary form only given. All-optical switching (AOS) has been observed in ferromagnetic (FM) layers and synthetic ferrimagnetic heterostructures [1-4]. In this work, we use anomalous Hall effect (AHE) measurements to demonstrate controlled helicity-dependent switching in synthetic ferrimagnetic heterostructures. The two FM layers are engineered to have different Curie temperatures Tc1 (fixed) and Tc2 (variable). We show that irrespective of whether Tc2 is higher or lower than Tc1, the final magnetic configuration of the heterostructure is controlled by using the laser polarization to set the magnetic state of the FM layer with the highest Tc. All samples were grown on glass substrates at room temperature by DC magnetron sputtering. Two sets of samples were prepared. The first set are single FM layers with layer composition Ta (3 nm)/Pt (4 nm)/FM1(2)/Pt capping (4 nm), where FM1 = Co (0.6 nm) is a Co layer and FM2 = CoFeB (tCoFeB)/Pt(0.4 nm)/ CoFeB (tCoFeB) (0.2 tCoFeB 0.6 nm) is a composite CoFeB layer where both CoFeB layers are ferromagnetically coupled and act as a single layer. FM1 and FM2 were used to produce the second set of synthetic ferrimagnetic samples with layer structure Ta (3 nm)/Pt (4 nm)/FM1/Pt (0.4 nm)/Ru (0.9 nm)/Pt (0.4 nm)/FM2/Pt capping (4 nm). The Ru layer provides the antiferromagnetic RKKY interlayer exchange coupling between the adjacent FM1 and FM2 layers while the Pt layers on either side of the Ru layer can tune the strength of the coupling and stabilize their perpendicular anisotropy [5]. To study the AOS, we use a Ti: sapphire fs-laser with a wavelength of 800 nm and a pulse duration of 43 fs. A quarter-wave plate is used to create a circularly polarized [right(s+) and left-handed (s-)] beam. We first measured the magnetic properties of the FM1 and FM2 layers using vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). All FM samples show full remanence in perpendicular hyst- resis loops at room temperature (not shown). The temperature-dependent magnetization scans (not shown) give a Curie temperature Tc1 of 524 K for FM1. For FM2, increasing tCoFeB increases its Curie temperatureTc2. At tCoFeB = 0.5 nm, Tc2 - Tc1. Hall crosses are patterned by optical lithography and ion milling. The width of the current carrying wire is - 5 um, giving a DC current density of - 6 x 109 A/m2 during the measurement. Figure 1(a) shows the resulting perpendicular Hall hysteresis loop of the synthetic ferrimagnetic sample with tCoFeB = 0.2 nm. At remanence, the stable magnetic configurations are the two antiparallel orientations of FM1 and FM2 [State I and II in Fig. 1(a)]. To study the AOS, we swept the laser beam with a power of 0.45 mW and a speed of 1 mm/sec across the Hall cross, and the corresponding Hall voltage was constantly monitored. In Fig. 1(b), we show the normalized Hall voltage, VHall, as a function of the laser beam position x for both beam polarizations s+ and s-. The initial magnetic configuration was State I. When the beam is at the center of the cross (position B), both beam polarizations give VHall - 0. As the beam leaves the cross (position C), the sbeam changes the magnetic configurations from State I to State II (FM1 magnetization pointing down), while the system reverts to State I using the s+ beam. Changing the initial configuration from State I to State II results in the same final magnetic configurations, determined by the laser beam polarizations (not shown). Similar results (not shown) were obtained for samples with tCoFeB 0.4 nm. However, at tCoFeB = 0.6 nm, the sbeam results in the final magnetic configurations with FM2 magnetization pointing down (State I) and the s+ beam results in the State II configuration, suggesting that the final state is determined by the beam polar |
| DOI | 10.1109/INTMAG.2017.8008016 |
| Citation Key | liao_all-optical_2017 |
All-optical switching behaviours in synthetic ferrimagnetic heterostructures with different ferromagnetic-layer Curie temperatures