Biblio

Secure hash functions are widely used in cryptographic algorithms to secure against diverse attacks. A one-way secure hash function is used in the various research fields to secure, for instance, blockchain. Notably, most of the hash functions provide security based on static parameters and publicly known operations. Consequently, it becomes easier to attack by the attackers because all parameters and operations are predefined. The publicly known parameters and predefined operations make the oracle regenerate the key even though it is a one-way secure hash function. Moreover, the sensitive data is mixed with the predefined constant where an oracle may find a way to discover the key. To address the above issues, we propose a novel one-way secure hash algorithm, OSHA for short, to protect sensitive data against attackers. OSHA depends on a pseudo-random number generator to generate a hash value. Particularly, OSHA mixes multiple pseudo-random numbers to produce a secure hash value. Furthermore, OSHA uses dynamic parameters, which is difficult for adversaries to guess. Unlike conventional secure hash algorithms, OSHA does not depend on fixed constants. It replaces the fixed constant with the pseudo-random numbers. Also, the input message is not mixed with the pseudo-random numbers; hence, there is no way to recover and reverse the process for the adversaries.

This article proposes a method for determining the intruder type in the systems of physical protection of objects. An intruder trying to enter the territory, buildings or premises of the facility has to overcome typical engineering reinforcement elements of building structures. Elements of building structures are equipped with addressable alarm sensors. The intruder type is proposed to be determined according to its equipment by comparing the time of actually overcoming the building structure elements with the expert estimates. The time to overcome the elements of building structures is estimated by the time between successive responses of the security alarm address sensors. The intruder's awareness of the protection object is proposed to be assessed by tracking the route of its movement on the object using address sensors. Determining the intruder type according to the data of the security alarm systems can be used for the in-process tactics control of the security group actions.

We propose versatile hardware framework for ECC. The framework supports arithmetic operations over P-256, Ed25519 and Curve25519 curves, enabling easy implementation of various ECC algorithms. Framework finds its application area e.g. in FIDO2 attestation or in nowadays rapidly expanding field of hardware wallets. As the design is intended to be ASIC-ready, we designed it to be area efficient. Hardware units are reused for calculations in several finite fields, and some of them are superior to previously designed circuits in terms of time-area product. The framework implements several attack countermeasures. It enables implementation of certain countermeasures even in later stages of design. The design was validated on SoC FPGA.

Security authentication can effectively solve the problem of access to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. However, the existing solutions still harbor some problems in the computational complexity of satellite authentication, flexible networking, resistance to brute force attacks and other aspects. So, a security authentication scheme for LEO satellites that integrates spatial channel characteristics is designed within the software defined network architecture. In this scheme, the spatial channel characteristics are introduced to the subsequent lightweight encryption algorithm to achieve effective defense against brute force attacks. According to security analysis and simulation results, the scheme can effectively reduce the computational overhead while protecting against replay attacks, brute force attacks, DOS attacks, and other known attacks.

In this work, we conduct a systematic study on data poisoning attacks to Matrix Factorisation (MF) based Recommender Systems (RS) where a determined attacker injects fake users with false user-item feedback, with an objective to promote a target item by increasing its rating. We explore the capability of a MF based approach to reduce the impact of attack on targeted item in the system. We develop and evaluate multiple techniques to update the user and item feature matrices when incorporating new ratings. We also study the effectiveness of attack under increasing filler items and choice of target item.Our experimental results based on two real-world datasets show that the observations from the study could be used to design a more robust MF based RS.

In recent years, with the occurrence of climate change and various extreme events, the research on the resistance of physical information systems to large-scale complex faults is of great significance. Propose a power information system to deal with complex faults in extreme weather, establish an anti-interference framework, construct a regional anti-interference strategy based on regional load output matching and topological connectivity, and propose branch active power adjustment methods to reduce disasters. In order to resist the risk of system instability caused by overrun of branch power and phase disconnection, the improved IEEE33 node test system simulation shows that this strategy can effectively reduce the harm of large-scale and complex faults.

Cyber-physical Systems can be defined as a complex networked control system, which normally develop by combining several physical components with the cyber space. Cyber Physical System are already a part of our daily life. As its already being a part of everyone life, CPS also have great potential security threats and can be vulnerable to various cyber-attacks without showing any sign directly to component failure. To protect user security and privacy is a fundamental concern of any kind of system; either it’s a simple web application or supplicated professional system. Digital Multifactor authentication is one of the best ways to make secure authentication. It covers many different areas of a Cyber-connected world, including online payments, communications, access right management, etc. Most of the time, Multifactor authentication is little complex as it requires extra step from users. This paper will discuss the evolution from single authentication to Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) starting from Single-Factor Authentication (SFA) and through Two-Factor Authentication (2FA). This paper seeks to analyze and evaluate the most prominent authentication techniques based on accuracy, cost, and feasibility of implementation. We also suggest several authentication schemes which incorporate with Multifactor authentication for CPS.

Inertial Confinement Fusion(ICF) uses the inertia of the substance itself to confine the nest-temperature thermonuclear fuel plasma to achieve thermonuclear fusion and obtain fusion energy. In the design of the local-volume ignition target capsule, the ignition zone and the main combustion zone are separated by heavy medium. The ignition zone is located in the center of the system (the part of the fusion combustion). The mass is small and can be compressed to high density and the overall temperature is raised to the ignition state (local-volume ignition). The temperature increase and density increase of the local volume ignition are relatively decoupled in time. The multi-step enhanced shock wave heats the fuel temperature drop, after which the collision effect accelerates the metal shell layer by layer, and uses the inertia of high-Z metal shell with a larger residual mass to achieve effective compression of the fuel areal after the driving source ends for a long time. Local volume ignition has the advantages of no need to reshape the radiation driving pulse, resistance to the influence of hot electrons, less demanding compression symmetry, and large combustion gain.

The exponential rise of online services has heightened awareness of safeguarding the various applications that cooperate with and provide Internet users. Users must present their credentials, such as user name and secret code, to the servers to be authorized. This sensitive data should be secured from being exploited due to numerous security breaches, resulting in criminal activity. It is vital to secure systems against numerous risks. This article offers a novel approach to protecting against brute force attacks. A solution is presented where the user obtains the keypad on each occurrence. Following the establishment of the keypad, the webserver produces an encrypted password for the user's Computer/device authentication. The encrypted password will be used for authentication; users must type the amended one-time password (OTP) every time they access the website. This research protects passwords using reformation-based encryption and decryption and optimal honey encryption (OH-E) and decryption.

Software supply chain attacks occur during the processes of producing software is compromised, resulting in vulnerabilities that target downstream customers. While the number of successful exploits is limited, the impact of these attacks is significant. Despite increased awareness and research into software supply chain attacks, there is limited information available on mitigating or architecting for these risks, and existing information is focused on singular and independent elements of the supply chain. In this paper, we extensively review software supply chain security using software development tools and infrastructure. We investigate the path that attackers find is least resistant followed by adapting and finding the next best way to complete an attack. We also provide a thorough discussion on how common software supply chain attacks can be prevented, preventing malicious hackers from gaining access to an organization's development tools and infrastructure including the development environment. We considered various SSC attacks on stolen code-sign certificates by malicious attackers and prevented unnoticed malware from passing by security scanners. We are aiming to extend our research to contribute to preventing software supply chain attacks by proposing novel techniques and frameworks.

Blockchain technology has made it possible to store and send digital currencies. Bitcoin wallets and marketplaces have made it easy for nontechnical users to use the protocol. Since its inception, the price of Bitcoin is going up and the number of nodes in the network has increased drastically. The increasing popularity of Bitcoin has made exchanges and individual nodes a target for an attack. Understanding the Bitcoin protocol better helps security engineers to harden the network and helps regular users secure their hot wallets. In this paper, Bitcoin protocol is presented with description of the mining process which secures transactions. In addition, the Bitcoin algorithms and their security are described with potential vulnerabilities in the protocol and potential exploits for attackers. Finally, we propose some security solutions to help mitigate attacks on Bitcoin exchanges and hot wallets.

Secured data transmission between one to many authorized users is achieved through Broadcast Encryption (BE). In BE, the source transmits encrypted data to multiple registered users who already have their decrypting keys. The Untrustworthy users, known as Traitors, can give out their secret keys to a hacker to form a pirate decoding system to decrypt the original message on the sly. The process of detecting the traitors is known as Traitor Tracing in cryptography. This paper presents a new Black Box Tracing method that is fully collusion resistant and it is designated as Traitor Tracing in Broadcast Encryption using Vector Keys (TTBE-VK). The proposed method uses integer vectors in the finite field Zp as encryption/decryption/tracing keys, reducing the computational cost compared to the existing methods.

Contrary to previous opinion, ‘frost shattering’ is not the only major contributor to rock weathering at mid latitudes and high elevations, more specifically along edges of bedrock escarpments. Lightning is also a significant contributor to land surface denudation. We can show this as lightning strikes on outcrops can dramatically alter the magnetic signature of rocks and is one of the main sources of noise in paleomagnetic studies. Igneous rocks in the highlands of Lesotho, southern Africa (\textgreater 3000 m elevation) provide an ideal study location, as flow lavas remain as prominent ridges that are relatively resistant to weathering. It is well known that lightning strikes can cause large remanent magnetization in rocks with little resultant variation in susceptibility. At two adjoining peaks in the Lesotho highlands, mapped freshly fractured rock correlates with areas of high magnetic intensity (remanent component), but little variation in susceptibility (related to the induced field), and is therefore a clear indicator of lightning damage. The majority of these mapped strike sites occur at the edges of topographic highs. Variations in magnetic intensity are correlated with the much lower resolution national lightning strikes dataset. These data confirm that high elevation edges of peak scarps are the focus of previous lightning strikes. This method of magnetic surveying compared with lightning strike data is a new method of confirming the locations of lightning strikes, and reduces the need for intensive paleomagnetic studies of the area to confirm remanence.

The outsourcing of databases is very popular among IT companies and industries. It acts as a solution for businesses to ensure availability of the data for their users. The solution of outsourcing the database is to encrypt the data in a form where the database service provider can perform relational operations over the encrypted database. At the same time, the associated security risk of data leakage prevents many potential industries from deploying it. In this paper, we present a secure outsourcing database search scheme (BASDB) with the use of a smart contract for search operation over index of encrypted database and storing encrypted relational database in the cloud. Our proposed scheme BASDB is a simple and practical solution for effective search on encrypted relations and is well resistant to information leakage against attacks like search and access pattern leakage.

Operating systems are essential software components for any computer. The goal of computer system manu-facturers is to provide a safe operating system that can resist a range of assaults. APTs (Advanced Persistent Threats) are merely one kind of attack used by hackers to penetrate organisations (APT). Here, we will apply the MITRE ATT&CK approach to analyze the security of Windows and Linux. Using the results of a series of vulnerability tests conducted on Windows 7, 8, 10, and Windows Server 2012, as well as Linux 16.04, 18.04, and its most current version, we can establish which operating system offers the most protection against future assaults. In addition, we have shown adversarial reflection in response to threats. We used ATT &CK framework tools to launch attacks on both platforms.

The secure Internet of Things (loT) increasingly relies on digital cryptographic signatures which require a private signature and public verification key. By their intrinsic nature, public keys are meant to be accessible to any interested party willing to verify a given signature. Thus, the storing of such keys is of great concern, since an adversary shall not be able to tamper with the public keys, e.g., on a local filesystem. Commonly used public-key infrastructures (PKIs), which handle the key distribution and storage, are not feasible in most use-cases, due to their resource intensity and high complexity. Thus, the general storing of the public verification keys is of notable interest for low-resource loT networks. By using the Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), this paper proposes a decentralized concept for storing public signature verification keys in a tamper-resistant, secure, and resilient manner. By combining lightweight public-key exchange protocols with the proposed approach, the storing of verification keys becomes scalable and especially suitable for low-resource loT devices. This paper provides a Proof-of-Concept implementation of the DLT public-key store by extending our previously proposed NFC-Key Exchange (NFC-KE) protocol with a decentralized Hyperledger Fabric public-key store. The provided performance analysis shows that by using the decentralized keystore, the NFC- KE protocol gains an increased tamper resistance and overall system resilience while also showing expected performance degradations with a low real-world impact.

The outages and power shortages are common occurrences in today's world and they have a significant economic impact. These failures can be minimized by making the power grid topologically robust. Therefore, the vulnerability assessment in power systems has become a major concern. This paper considers both pure and extended topological method to analyse the vulnerability of the power system to single line failures. The lines are ranked based on four spectral graph metrics: spectral radius, algebraic connectivity, natural connectivity, and effective graph resistance. A correlation is established between all the four metrics. The impact of load uncertainty on the component ranking has been investigated. The vulnerability assessment has been done on IEEE 9-bus system. It is observed that load variation has minor impact on the ranking.

Successful information and communication technology (ICT) may propel administrative procedures forward quickly. In order to achieve efficient usage of TCT in their businesses, ICT strategies and plans should be examined to ensure that they align with the organization's visions and missions. Efficient software and hardware work together to provide relevant data that aids in the improvement of how we do business, learn, communicate, entertain, and work. This exposes them to a risky environment that is prone to both internal and outside threats. The term “security” refers to a level of protection or resistance to damage. Security can also be thought of as a barrier between assets and threats. Important terms must be understood in order to have a comprehensive understanding of security. This research paper discusses key terms, concerns, and challenges related to information systems and security auditing. Exploratory research is utilised in this study to find an explanation for the observed occurrences, problems, or behaviour. The study's findings include a list of various security risks that must be seriously addressed in any Information System and Security Audit.

Any decentralized, biased distributed network is susceptible to the Sybil malicious attack, in which a malicious node masquerades as numerous different nodes, collectively referred to as Sybil nodes, causing the network to become unresponsive. Cloud computing environments are characterized by their loosely linked nature, which means that no node has comprehensive information of the entire system. In order to prevent Sybil attacks in cloud computing systems, it is necessary to detect them as soon as they occur. The network’s ability to function properly A Sybil attacker has the ability to construct. It is necessary to have multiple identities on a single physical device in order to execute a concerted attack on the network or switch between networks identities in order to make the detection process more difficult, and thereby lack of accountability is being promoted throughout the network. The purpose of this study is to Various varieties of Sybil assaults have been documented, including those that occur in Peer-to-peer reputation systems, self-organizing networks, and other similar technologies. The topic of social network systems is discussed. In addition, there are other approaches in which it has been urged over time that they be reduced or eliminated Their potential risks are also thoroughly investigated.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm that enables the development of a slew of Services for the future of technology advancements. When it comes to IoT applications, the cyber and physical worlds can be seamlessly integrated, but they are essentially limitless. However, despite the great efforts of standardization bodies, coalitions, companies, researchers, and others, there are still a slew of issues to overcome in order to fully realize the IoT's promise. These concerns should be examined from a variety of perspectives, including enabling technology, applications, business models, and social and environmental consequences. The focus of this paper is on open concerns and challenges from a technological standpoint. We will study the differences in technical such Sigfox, NB-IoT, LoRa, and 6LowPAN, and discuss their advantages and disadvantage for each technology compared with other technologies. Demonstrate that each technology has a position in the internet of things market. Each technology has different advantages and disadvantages it depends on the quality of services, latency, and battery life as a mention. The first will be analysis IoT technologies. SigFox technology offers a long-range, low-power, low-throughput communications network that is remarkably resistant to environmental interference, enabling information to be used efficiently in a wide variety of applications. We analyze how NB-IoT technology will benefit higher-value-added services markets for IoT devices that are willing to pay for exceptionally low latency and high service quality. The LoRa technology will be used as a low-cost device, as it has a very long-range (high coverage).

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is emerging as a popular radio access technique to serve multiple users under the same resource block to improve spectral efficiency in 5G and 6G communication. But the resource sharing in NOMA causes concerns on data security. Since power domain NOMA exploits the difference in channel properties for bandwidth-efficient communication, it is feasible to ensure data confidentiality in NOMA communication through physical layer security techniques. In this work, we propose to ensure resistance against internal eavesdropping in NOMA communication through a secret key derived from channel randomness. A unique secret key is derived from the channel of each NOMA user; which is used to randomize the data of the respective user before superposition coding (SC) to prevent internal eavesdropping. The simulation results show that the proposed system provides very good security against internal eavesdropping in NOMA.

Existing search-based coverless text steganography algorithms according to the characteristics of the text, do not need to modify the carrier, and have good resistance to detection, but they rely on a large text data set and have a limited hiding capacity. For this reason, this paper proposes a coverless steganography method based on the source XML file organization of the OOXML documents from a new perspective. It analyzes the organization of OOXML documents, and uses the differences of organization to construct the mapping between documents and secret information, so as to realize the coverless information hiding. To achieve the efficiency of information hiding, a compound tree model is designed and introduced to construct the OOXML document category library. Compared with the existing coverless information hiding methods, the text set size that this method relies on is significantly reduced, and the flexibility of the mapping is higher under the similar hiding capacity.

SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONSA Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) micro data center (MEDC) consists of multiple MEC hosts close to endpoint devices. MEC service is delivered by instantiating a virtualization system (e.g., Virtual Machines or Containers) on a MEC host. MEDC faces more new security risks due to various device connections in an open environment. When more and more IoT/CPS systems are connected to MEDC, it is necessary for MEC service providers to quantitatively analyze any security loss and then make defense-related decision. This paper develops a CTMC model for quantitatively analyzing the security and dependability of a vulnerable MEDC system under lateral movement attacks, from the adversary’s initial successful access until the MEDC becomes resistant to the attack. The proposed model captures the behavior of the system in a scenario where (i) the rate of vulnerable MEC servers being infected increases with the increasing number of infected MEC servers, (ii) each infected MEC server can perform its compromising activity independently and randomly, and (iii) any infected MEC may fail and then cannot provide service. We also introduce the formulas for computing metrics. The proposed model and formula are verified to be approximately accurate by comparing numerical results and simulation results.

The paper proposes ways to solve the problem of secure remote access to telecommunications’ equipment. The purpose of the study is to develop a set of procedures to ensure secure interaction while working remotely with Cisco equipment using the SSH protocol. This set of measures is a complete list of measures which ensures security of remote connection to a corporate computer network using modern methods of cryptography and network administration technologies. It has been tested on the GNS3 software emulator and Cisco telecommunications equipment and provides a high level of confidentiality and integrity of remote connection to a corporate computer network. In addition, the study detects vulnerabilities in the IOS operating system while running SSH service and suggests methods for their elimination.

In the industrial control system, in order to solve the problem that the installation of smart devices in a transparent environment are faced with the unknown attack problems, because most of the industrial control equipment to detect unknown risks, Therefore, by studying the security protection of the current industrial control system and the trust mechanism that should be widely used in the Internet of things, this paper presents the abnormal node detection mode based on comprehensive trust applied to the industrial control system scenarios. This model firstly proposes a model, which fuses direct and indirect trust values into current trust values through support algorithm and vector similarity algorithm, and then combines them with historical trust values, and gives the calculation method of each trust value. Finally, a method to determine abnormal nodes based on comprehensive trust degree is given to realize a detection process for all industrial control nodes. By analyzing the real data case provided by Melbourne Water, it is concluded that this model can improve the detection range and detection accuracy of abnormal nodes. It can accurately judge and effectively resist malicious behavior and also have a good resistance to aggression.