Biblio

This paper investigates the physical layer (PHY-layer) authentication that exploits channel state information (CSI) to enhance multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system security by detecting spoofing attacks in wireless networks. A multi-user authentication system is proposed using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) which also can distinguish spoofers effectively. In addition, the mini batch scheme is used to train the neural networks and accelerate the training speed. Meanwhile, L1 regularization is adopted to prevent over-fitting and improve the authentication accuracy. The convolutional-neural-network-based (CNN-based) approach can authenticate legitimate users and detect attackers by CSIs with higher performances comparing to traditional hypothesis test based methods.

With the current significant penetration of mobile devices (i.e. smartphones and tablets) and the tremendous increase in the number of the corresponding mobile applications, they have become an indispensable part of our lives. Nowadays, there is a significant growth in the number of sensitive applications such as personal health applications, personal financial applications, home monitoring applications, etc. In addition, with the significant growth of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, smartphones and the corresponding applications are widely considered as the Internet gateways for these devices. Mobile devices mostly use wireless LANs (WLANs) (i.e., WiFi networks) as the prominent network interface to the Internet. However, due to the broadcast nature of WiFi links, wireless traffics are exposed to any eavesdropping adversary within the WLAN. Despite WiFi encryption, studies show that application usage information could be inferred from the encrypted wireless traffic. The leakage of this sensitive information is very serious issue that will significantly impact users' privacy and security. In addressing this privacy concern, we design and develop a lightweight programmable privacy framework, called PrivacyGuard. PrivacyGuard is inspired by the vision of pushing the Software Defined Network (SDN)-like paradigm all the way to wireless network edge, is designed to support of adopting privacy preserving policies to protect the wireless communication of the sensitive applications. In this paper, we demonstrate and evaluate a prototype of PrivacyGuard framework on Android devices showing the flexibility and efficiency of the framework.

IoT is evolving as a combination of interconnected devices over a particular network. In the proposed paper, we discuss about the security of IoT system in the wireless devices. IoT security is the platform in which the connected devices over the network are safeguarded over internet of things framework. Wireless devices play an eminent role in this kind of networks since most of the time they are connected to the internet. Accompanied by major users cannot ensure their end to end security in the IoT environment. However, connecting these devices over the internet via using IoT increases the chance of being prone to the serious issues that may affect the system and its data if they are not protected efficiently. In the proposed paper, the security of IoT in wireless devices will be enhanced by using ECC. Since the issues related to security are becoming common these days, an attempt has been made in this proposed paper to enhance the security of IoT networks by using ECC for wireless devices.

In this paper, we outline a novel, forward error correction-based information hiding technique for adaptive rate wireless communication systems. Specifically, we propose leveraging the functionality of wireless local area network modulation and coding schemes (MCS) and link adaptation mechanisms to significantly increase covert channel throughput. After describing our generalized information hiding model, we detail implementation of this technique within the IEEE 802.11ad, directional multi-Gigabit standard. Simulation results demonstrate the potential of the proposed techniques to develop reliable, high-throughput covert channels under multiple MCS rates and embedding techniques. Covert channel performance is evaluated in terms of the observed packet error ratio of the underlying communication system as well as the bit error ratio of the hidden data.

This paper attempts to clarify the concept and applications of Li-Fi technology. The current Wi-Fi network use Radio Frequency waves, but the usage of the available RF spectrum is limited. Therefore a new technology, Li-Fi has come into picture. Li-Fi is a recently developed technology. This paper explains how array of LEDs are used to transmit data in the visible light spectrum. This technology has advantages like security, increased accessible spectrum, low latency efficiency and much higher speed as compared to Wi- Fi. The aim of this research paper is to design a Li-Fi transceiver using Arduino which is able to transmit and receive data in binary format. The software coding is done in Arduino- Uno platform. Successful transmission and reception of data(alphanumeric) has been done.

Visible light communication (VLC) is a burgeoning field in wireless communications as it considers illumination and communication simultaneously. The broadcast nature of VLC makes it necessary to consider the security of underlying transmissions. A physical-layer security (PLS) scheme by introducing jamming LEDs is considered in this paper. The secrecy rate of an indoor VLC system with multiple LEDs, one legitimate receiver, and multiple eavesdroppers is investigated. Three distributions of input signal are assumed, i.e., truncated generalized normal distribution (TGN), uniform distribution, and exponential distribution. The results show that jamming can improve the secrecy performance efficiently. This paper also demonstrates that when the numbers of LEDs transmitting information-bearing signal and jamming signal are equal, the average secrecy rate can be maximized.

Internet of Things (IoT) revolution in 5th Generation (5G) will dynamically support all user, devices and customer worldwide where these devices, mechanical and digital machines will be connected and are able to communicate and transfer data over the network. In industries, the evolution of these technologies, known as Industrial IoT (IIoT) will enable machines to be connected and communicate where else, Internet of Everything (IoE) makes the connection more relevant between all smart devices, machines and also people with a huge data, high speed and high security. The growth of these technologies has made Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum resources for wireless communication to be more saturated. In order to solve this problem, new wireless communication technologies are proposed to meet the demand and also to enhance the performance of the system and overcome the existing bandwidth limitations. Studies done shows that Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi), based on Visible Light Communications (VLC) is one of the most promising technology in future which is based on optical wireless communication. Initial study on the Li-Fi concept has focuses on achieving speed, bi-directional transmission concept and supports multiuser access. In this paper we propose a frame work focuses on the handover process for indoor environment by using the steerable Access Point (AP) and compare the output result with fix Access Point.

Bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition can decompose the source image into several Bi-dimensional Intrinsic Mode Functions. In the process of image decomposition, interpolation is needed and the upper and lower envelopes will be drawn. However, these interpolations and the drawings of upper and lower envelopes require a lot of computation time and manual screening. This paper proposes a simple but effective method that can maintain the characteristics of the original BEMD method, and the Hermite interpolation reconstruction method is used to replace the surface interpolation, and the variable neighborhood window method is used to replace the fixed neighborhood window method. We call it fast bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition of the variable neighborhood window method based on research characteristics, and we finally complete the image fusion. The empirical analysis shows that this method can overcome the shortcomings that the source image features and details information of BIMF component decomposed from the original BEMD method are not rich enough, and reduce the calculation time, and the fusion quality is better.

In this paper, we design a model for resource allocation in IoT system considering the cyber security, to achieve optimal resource allocation when defend the attack and threat. The resource allocation problem is constructed as a dynamic game, where the threat level is the state and the defend cost is the objective function. Open loop solution and feedback solutions are both given to the defender as the optimal control variables under different solutions situations. The optimal allocated resource and the optimal threat level for the defender is simulated through the numerical simulations.

The paper introduces a method of efficient partial firmware update with several advantages compared to common methods. The amount of data to transfer for an update is reduced, the energetic efficiency is increased and as the method is designed for over the air update, the radio spectrum occupancy is decreased. Herein described approach uses Lua scripting interface to introduce updatable fragments of invokable native code. This requires a dedicated memory layout, which is herein introduced. This method allows not only to distribute patches for deployed systems, but also on demand add-ons. At the end, the security aspects of proposed firmware update system is discussed and its limitations are presented.

Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC) is an experimental transport protocol designed to primarily reduce connection establishment and transport latency, as well as to improve security standards with default end-to-end encryption in HTTPbased applications. QUIC is a multiplexed and secure transport protocol fostered by Google and its design emerged from the urgent need of innovation in the transport layer, mainly due to difficulties extending TCP and deploying new protocols. While still under standardisation, a non-negligble fraction of the Internet's traffic, more than 7% of a European Tier1-ISP, is already running over QUIC and it constitutes more than 30% of Google's egress traffic [1].

The paper presents the results of load testing of embedded hardware platforms for Internet of Things solutions. Analyzed the available hardware. The operating systems from different manufacturers were consolidated into a single classification, and for the two most popular, load testing was performed by an external and internal wireless network adapter. Developed its own software solution based on the Python programming language. The number of wireless subscribers ranged from 7 to 14. Experimental results will be useful in deploying wireless infrastructure for small commercial and scientific wireless networks.

Multipath fading as well as shadowing is liable for the leakage of confidential information from the wireless channels. In this paper a solution to this information leakage is proposed, where a source transmits signal through a α-μ/α-μ composite fading channel considering an eavesdropper is present in the system. Secrecy enhancement is investigated with the help of two fading parameters α and μ. To mitigate the impacts of shadowing a α-μ distribution is considered whose mean is another α-μ distribution which helps to moderate the effects multipath fading. The mathematical expressions of some secrecy matrices such as the probability of non-zero secrecy capacity and the secure outage probability are obtained in closed-form to analyze security of the wireless channel in light of the channel parameters. Finally, Monte-Carlo simulations are provided to justify the correctness of the derived expressions.

The internet of things (IoT) is the popular wireless network for data collection applications. The IoT networks are deployed in dense or sparse architectures, out of which the dense networks are vastly popular as these are capable of gathering the huge volumes of data. The collected data is analyzed using the historical or continuous analytical systems, which uses the back testing or time-series analytics to observe the desired patterns from the target data. The lost or bad interval data always carries the high probability to misguide the analysis reports. The data is lost due to a variety of reasons, out of which the most popular ones are associated with the node failures and connectivity holes, which occurs due to physical damage, software malfunctioning, blackhole/wormhole attacks, route poisoning, etc. In this paper, the work is carried on the new routing scheme for the IoTs to avoid the connectivity holes, which analyzes the activity of wireless nodes and takes the appropriate actions when required.

Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is a key component in the smart grid. Transmitting data robustly and reliably between the tremendous smart meters in the AMI is one of the most crucial tasks for providing various services in smart grid. Among the many efforts for designing practical routing protocols for the AMI, the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) proposed by the IETF ROLL working group is considered the most consolidated candidate. Resent research has shown cyber attacks such as blackhole attack and version number attack can seriously damage the performance of the network implementing RPL. The main reason that RPL is vulnerable to these kinds of attacks is the lack an authentication mechanism. In this paper, we study the impact of blackhole attacks on the performance of the AMI network and proposed a new blackhole attack that can bypass the existing defense mechanism. Then, we propose a cuckoo filter based RPL to defend the AMI network from blackhole attacks. We also give the security analysis of the proposed method.

With increasing integration in SoCs, the Network-on-Chip (NoC) connecting cores and accelerators is of paramount importance to provide low-latency and high-throughput communication. Due to limits to scaling of electrical wires in terms of energy and delay, especially for long multi-mm distances on-chip, alternate technologies such as Wireless Network-on-Chip (WNoC) have shown promise. WNoCs can provide low-latency one-hop broadcasts across the entire chip and can augment point-to-point multi-hop signaling over traditional wired NoCs. Thus, there has been a recent surge in research demonstrating the performance and energy benefits of WNoCs. However, little to no work has studied the additional security and fault tolerance challenges that are unique to WNoCs. In this work, we study potential threats related to denial-of-service, spoofing, and eavesdropping attacks in WNoCs, due to malicious hardware trojans or faulty wireless components. We introduce Prometheus, a dropin solution inside the network interface that provides protection from all three attacks, while adhering to the strict area, power and latency constraints of on-chip systems.

Wireless Networks-on-Chips (NoCs) have emerged as a panacea to the non-scalable multi-hop data transmission paths in traditional wired NoC architectures. Using low-power transceivers in NoC switches, novel Wireless NoC (WiNoC) architectures have been shown to achieve higher energy efficiency with improved peak bandwidth and reduced on-chip data transfer latency. However, using wireless interconnects for data transfer within a chip makes the on-chip communications vulnerable to various security threats from either external attackers or internal hardware Trojans (HTs). In this work, we propose a mechanism to make the wireless communication in a WiNoC secure against persistent jamming based Denial-of-Service attacks from both external and internal attackers. Persistent jamming attacks on the on-chip wireless medium will cause interference in data transfer over the duration of the attack resulting in errors in contiguous bits, known as burst errors. Therefore, we use a burst error correction code to monitor the rate of burst errors received over the wireless medium and deploy a Machine Learning (ML) classifier to detect the persistent jamming attack and distinguish it from random burst errors. In the event of jamming attack, alternate routing strategies are proposed to avoid the DoS attack over the wireless medium, so that a secure data transfer can be sustained even in the presence of jamming. We evaluate the proposed technique on a secure WiNoC in the presence of DoS attacks. It has been observed that with the proposed defense mechanisms, WiNoC can outperform a wired NoC even in presence of attacks in terms of performance and security. On an average, 99.87% attack detection was achieved with the chosen ML Classifiers. A bandwidth degradation of \textbackslashtextless;3% is experienced in the event of internal attack, while the wireless interconnects are disabled in the presence of an external attacker.

The metallic interface for between core messages expends wealth influence and lesser throughput which are huge in Network-on Chip (NoC) structures. We proposed a remote Network-on-Chip (NoC) building Wireless Network-on Chip that uses power and imperatives gainful remote handsets to improve higherenergy and throughput by altering channels as indicated by traffic plans. Our proposed computations uses interface use bits of knowledge to redispensreal platforms, and a vitality funds of 29-35%. Wireless channels and a token sharing arrangement to totally use the remote information transmission successfully. Remote/electrical topological with results demonstrates a through-put advancement of 69%, a speedup between 1.7-2.9X on real platform, and an power savings of 25-38%.

In this paper, a framework for capitalizing on the potential benefits of physical layer security in an amplify-and-forward cooperative spectrum sensing (AF-CSS) in a cognitive radio network (CRN) using a stochastic geometry is proposed. In the CRN network the sensing data from secondary users (SUs) are collected by a fusion center (FC) with the help of access points (AP) as relays, and when malicious eavesdropping secondary users (SUs) are listening. We focus on the secure transmission of active SUs transmitting their sensing data to the AP. Closed expressions for the average secrecy rate are presented. Numerical results corroborate our analysis and show that multiple antennas at the APs can enhance the security of the AF-CSS-CRN. The obtained numerical results show that average secrecy rate between the AP and its correlated FC decreases when the number of AP is increased. Nevertheless, we find that an increase in the number of AP initially increases the overall average secrecy rate, with a perilous value at which the overall average secrecy rate then decreases. While increasing the number of active SUs, there is a decrease in the secrecy rate between the sensor and its correlated AP.

Wireless communication network (WCN) performance is primarily depends on physical layer security which is critical among all other layers of OSI network model. It is typically prone to anomaly/malicious user's attacks owing to openness of wireless channels. Cognitive radio networking (CRN) is a recently emerged wireless technology that is having numerous security challenges because of its unlicensed access of wireless channels. In CRNs, the security issues occur mainly during spectrum sensing and is more pronounced during distributed spectrum sensing. In recent past, various anomaly effects are modelled and developed detectors by applying advanced statistical techniques. Nevertheless, many of these detectors have been developed based on sensing data of one variable (energy measurement) and degrades their performance drastically when the data is contaminated with multiple anomaly nodes, that attack the network cooperatively. Hence, one has to develop an efficient multiple anomaly detection algorithm to eliminate all possible cooperative attacks. To achieve this, in this work, the impact of anomaly on detection probability is verified beforehand in developing an efficient algorithm using bivariate data to detect possible attacks with mahalanobis distance measure. Result discloses that detection error of cooperative attacks by anomaly has significant impact on eigenvalue-based sensing.

In the last decade, the adoption of wireless systems has increased. These systems allow multiple devices to send data wirelessly using radio waves. Moreover, in some applications, authentication is done wirelessly by exchanging authentication data over the air as in wireless locks and keyless entry systems. On the other hand, most of the wireless devices today can control the radio frequency transmission power to optimize the system's performance and minimize interference. In this paper, we explore the possibility of modulating the radio frequency transmission power in wireless systems for authentication purposes and using it for source authentication. Furthermore, we propose two system models that perform authentication using variable power transmission patterns. Then, we discuss possible applications. Finally, we implement and test a prototype system using IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) devices.

To address cybersecurity, this author proposed recently the approach of formulating it in symmetric dual-space and dual-system. This paper further explains this concept, beginning with symmetric Maxwell Equation (ME) and Fourier Transform (FT). The approach appears to be a powerful solution, with wide applications ranging from Electronic Warfare (EW) to 5G Mobile, etc.

Intelligent connected vehicle system tightly integrates computing, communication, and control strategy. It can increase the traffic throughput, minimize the risk of accidents and reduce the energy consumption. However, because of the openness of the vehicular ad hoc network, the system is vulnerable to cyber-attacks and may result in disastrous consequences. Hence, it is interesting in design of the connected vehicular systems to be resilient to the sensor attacks. The paper focuses on the estimation and control of the intelligent connected vehicle systems when the sensors or the wireless channels of the system are attacked by attackers. We give the upper bound of the corrupted sensors that can be corrected and design the state estimator to reconstruct the initial state by designing a closed-loop controller. Finally, we verify the algorithm for the connected vehicle system by some classical simulations.

Securing multi-robot teams against malicious activity is crucial as these systems accelerate towards widespread societal integration. This emerging class of ``physical networks'' requires research into new methods of security that exploit their physical nature. This paper derives a theoretical framework for securing multi-agent consensus against the Sybil attack by using the physical properties of wireless transmissions. Our frame-work uses information extracted from the wireless channels to design a switching signal that stochastically excludes potentially untrustworthy transmissions from the consensus. Intuitively, this amounts to selectively ignoring incoming communications from untrustworthy agents, allowing for consensus to the true average to be recovered with high probability if initiated after a certain observation time T0 that we derive. This work is different from previous work in that it allows for arbitrary malicious node values and is insensitive to the initial topology of the network so long as a connected topology over legitimate nodes in the network is feasible. We show that our algorithm will recover consensus and the true graph over the system of legitimate agents with an error rate that vanishes exponentially with time.

This paper investigates the secrecy outage performance of a dual-hop decode-and-forward (DF) mixed radio-frequency/underwater optical wireless communication (RF/UOWC) system. We consider a one-antenna source node ( S), communicating with one legitimate destination node (D) via a multi-antenna DF relay (R) node. In this context, the relay node receives the incoming signal from S via an RF link, which is subject to Rayleigh fading, then performes selection-combining (SC) followed by decoding and then re-encoding for transmission to the destination over a UOWC link, subject to mixture Exponential-Gamma fading. Under the assumption of eavesdroppers attempting to intercept the S-R (RF side), a closed-form expression for the secrecy outage probability is derived. Our analytical results are corroborated through computer simulations, which verifies their validity.