Biblio

Metaverse technologies depend on various advanced human-computer interaction (HCI) devices to be supported by extended reality (XR) technology. Many new HCI devices are supported by wireless Internet of Things (IoT) networks, where a reliable routing scheme is essential for seamless data trans-mission. Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy networks (RPL) is a key routing technology used in IPv6-based low power and lossy networks (LLNs). However, in the networks that are configured, such as small wireless devices applying the IEEE 802.15.4 standards, due to the lack of a system that manages the identity (ID) at the center, the maliciously compromised nodes can make fabricated IDs and pretend to be a legitimate node. This behavior is called Sybil attack, which is very difficult to respond to since attackers use multiple fabricated IDs which are legally disguised. In this paper, Sybil attack countermeasures on RPL-based networks published in recent studies are compared and limitations are analyzed through simulation performance analysis.

Recently, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm has been advocated to provide diverse data-centric services including data relay, content caching and computing task offloading in vehicular networks due to their flexibility and conveniences. Since only offloading computing tasks to edge computing devices (ECDs) can not meet the real-time demand of vehicles in peak traffic flow, this paper proposes to combine edge computing and UAV swarm for cooperative task offloading in vehicular networks. Specifically, we first design a cooperative task offloading framework that vehicles' computing tasks can be executed locally, offloaded to UAV swarm, or offloaded to ECDs. Then, the selection of offloading strategy is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem, the object of which is to maximize the utility of the vehicle. To solve the problem, we further decompose the original problem into two subproblems: minimizing the completion time when offloading to UAV swarm and optimizing the computing resources when offloading to ECD. For offloading to UAV swarm, the computing task will be split into multiple subtasks that are offloaded to different UAVs simultaneously for parallel computing. A Q-learning based iterative algorithm is proposed to minimize the computing task's completion time by equalizing the completion time of its subtasks assigned to each UAV. For offloading to ECDs, a gradient descent algorithm is used to optimally allocate computing resources for offloaded tasks. Extensive simulations are lastly conducted to demonstrate that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the utility of vehicles compared with conventional schemes.

The Sixth Generation (6G) is currently under development and it is a planned successor of the Fifth Generation (5G). It is a new wireless communication technology expected to have a greater coverage area, significant fast and a higher data rate. The aim of this paper is to examine the literature on challenges and possible solutions of 6G's security, privacy and trust. It uses the systematic literature review technique by searching five research databases for search engines which are precise keywords like “6G,” “6G Wireless communication,” and “sixth generation”. The latter produced a total of 1856 papers, then the security, privacy and trust issues of the 6G wireless communication were extracted. Two security issues, the artificial intelligence and visible light communication, were apparent. In conclusion, there is a need for new paradigms that will provide a clear 6G security solutions.

To achieve secure uplink communication from smartphones’ screen to a telephoto camera at a long distance of 3.5 meters, we demonstrate that low-luminance space division multiplexing screen is effective in enhancement of the physical layer security. First, a numerical model shows that the spatial inter-symbol interference caused by space division multiplexing prevents eavesdropping from a wide angle by the camera. Second, wide-angle characteristics of the symbol error rate and the pixel value distribution are measured to verify the numerical analysis. We experimentally evaluate the difference in the performances from a wide angle depending on the screen luminance and color. We also evaluate the performances at a long distance in front of the screen and a short distance from a wider angle.

Visible light communication (VLC) is an important alternative and/or complementary technology for next generation indoor wireless broadband communication systems. In order to ensure data security for VLC in public areas, many studies in literature consider physical layer security (PLS). These studies generally neglect the reflections in the VLC channel and assume no inter symbol interference (ISI). However, increasing the data transmission rate causes ISI. In addition, even if the power of the reflections is small compared to the line of sight (LoS) components, it can affect the secrecy rate in a typical indoor VLC system. In this study, we investigate the effects of ISI and reflected channel components on secrecy rate in multiple-input single-output (MISO) VLC scenario utilized null-steering (NS) and artificial noise (AN) PLS techniques.

Over earlier years of huge technical developments, the need for a communication system has risen tremendously. Inrecent times, public realm interaction has been a popular area, hence the research group is emphasizing the necessity of quick and efficient broadband speeds, as well as upgraded security protocols. The main objective of this project work is to combine conventional Li-Fi and VLC techniques for video communication. VLC is helping to deliver fast data speeds, bandwidth efficiency, and a relatively secure channel of communication. Li-Fi is an inexpensive wireless communication (WC) system. Li-Fi can transmit information (text, audio, and video) to any electronic device via the LEDs that are positioned in the space to provide lighting. Li-Fi provides more advantages than Wi-Fi, such as security, high efficiency, speed, throughput, and low latency. The information can be transferred based on the flash property of the LED. Communication is accomplished by turning on and off LED lights at a faster pace than the human visual system can detect.

Wireless-fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Bluetooth are examples of modern wireless communication technologies that employ radio waves as the primary channel for data transmission. but it ought to find alternatives over the limitation and interference in the radio frequency (RF) band. For viable alternatives, visible light communication (VLC) technology comes to play as Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) which uses visible light as a channel for delivering very high-speed communication in a Wi-Fi way. In terms of availability, bandwidth, security and efficiency, Li-Fi is superior than Wi-Fi. In this paper, we present a Li-Fi-based indoor communication system. prototype model has been proposed for single user scenario using visible light portion of electromagnetic spectrum. This system has been designed for audio data communication in between the users in transmitter and receiver sections. LED and photoresistor have been used as optical source and receiver respectively. The electro-acoustic transducer provides the required conversion of electrical-optical signal in both ways. This system might overcome problems like radio-frequency bandwidth scarcity However, its major problem is that it only works when it is pointed directly at the target.

Visible light communication (VLC) is a short-range wireless optical communication that can transmit data by switching lighting elements at high speeds in indoor areas. In common areas, VLC can provide data security at every layer of communication by using physical layer security (PLS) techniques as well as existing cryptography-based techniques. In the literature, PLS techniques have generally been studied for monochrome VLC systems, and multicolor VLC studies are quite limited. In this study, to the best of authors’ knowledge, null steering (NS) and artificial noise (AN), which are widely used PLS methods, have been applied to multi-colored LED-based VLC systems for the first time in the literature and the achievable secrecy rate has been calculated.

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is an emerging technology that is used to provide communication between vehicle users. VANET provides communication between one vehicle node to another vehicle node, vehicle to the roadside unit, vehicle to pedestrian, and even vehicle to rail users. Communication between nodes should be very secure and confidential, Since VANET communicates through wireless mode, a malicious node may enter inside the communication zone to hack, inject false messages, and interrupt the communication. A strong protocol is necessary to detect malicious nodes and authenticate the VANET user to protect them from malicious attacks. In this paper, a fuzzy-based trust authentication scheme is used to detect malicious nodes with the Mamdani fuzzy Inference system. The parameter estimation, rules have been framed using MATLAB Mamdani Fuzzy Inference system to select a genuine node for data transmission.

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) have attracted lots of concerns with its widespread use. In MANETs, wireless nodes usually self-organize into groups to complete collaborative tasks and communicate with one another via public channels which are vulnerable to attacks. Group key management is generally employed to guarantee secure group communication in MANETs. However, most existing group key management schemes for MANETs still suffer from some issues, e.g., receiver restriction, relying on a trusted dealer and heavy certificates overheads. To address these issues, we propose a group key management scheme for MANETs based on an identity-based authenticated dynamic contributory broadcast encryption (IBADConBE) protocol which builds on an earlier work. Our scheme abandons the certificate management and does not need a trusted dealer to distribute a secret key to each node. A set of wireless nodes are allowed to negotiate the secret keys in one round while forming a group. Besides, our scheme is receiver-unrestricted which means any sender can flexibly opt for any favorable nodes of a group as the receivers. Further, our scheme satisfies the authentication, confidentiality of messages, known-security, forward security and backward security concurrently. Performance evaluation shows our scheme is efficient.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) are capable of offering inter and intra-vehicle wireless communication among mobility aware computing systems. Nodes are linked by applying concepts of mobile ad hoc networks. VANET uses cases empower vehicles to link to the network to aggregate and process messages in real-time. The proposed paper addresses a security vulnerability known as Sybil attack, in which numerous fake nodes broadcast false data to the neighboring nodes. In VANET, mobile nodes continuously change their network topology and exchange location sensor-generated data in real time. The basis of the presented technique is source testing that permits the scalable identification of Sybil nodes, without necessitating any pre-configuration, which was conceptualized from a comparative analysis of preceding research in the literature.

In the IoT (Internet of Things) domain, it is still a challenge to modify the routing behavior of IoT traffic at the decentralized backbone network. In this paper, centralized and flexible software-defined networking (SDN) is utilized to route the IoT traffic. The management of IoT data transmission through the SDN core network gives the chance to choose the path with the lowest delay, minimum packet loss, or hops. Therefore, fault-tolerant delay awareness routing is proposed for the emulated SDN-based backbone network to handle delay-sensitive IoT traffic. Besides, the hybrid form of GNS3 and Mininet-WiFi emulation is introduced to collaborate the SDN-based backbone network in GNS3 and the 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Personal Area Network) sensor network in Mininet-WiFi.

Although 6LoWPAN has brought about a revolutionary leap in networking for Low-power Lossy Networks, challenges still exist, including security concerns that are yet to answer. The most common type of attack on 6LoWPANs is the network layer, especially routing attacks, since the very members of a 6LoWPAN network have to carry out packet forwarding for the whole network. According to the initial purpose of IoT, these nodes are expected to be resource-deficient electronic devices with an utterly stochastic time pattern of attachment or detachment from a network. This issue makes preserving their authenticity or identifying their malignity hard, if not impossible. Since 6LoWPAN is a successor and a hybrid of previously developed wireless technologies, it is inherently prone to cyber-attacks shared with its predecessors, especially Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and WPANs. On the other hand, multiple attacks have been uniquely developed for 6LoWPANs due to the unique design of the network layer protocol of 6LoWPANs known as RPL. While there exist publications about attacks on 6LoWPANs, a comprehensive survey exclusively on RPL-specific attacks is felt missing to bold the discrimination between the RPL-specific and non-specific attacks. Hence, the urge behind this paper is to gather all known attacks unique to RPL in a single volume.

Routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) is the underlying routing protocol of 6LoWPAN, a core communication standard for the Internet of Things. In terms of quality of service (QoS), device management, and energy efficiency, RPL beats competing wireless sensor and ad hoc routing protocols. However, several attacks could threaten the network due to the problem of unauthenticated or unencrypted control frames, centralized root controllers, compromised or unauthenticated devices. Thus, in this paper, we aim to investigate the effect of topology and Resources attacks on RPL.s efficiency. The Hello Flooding attack, Increase Number attack and Decrease Rank attack are the three forms of Resources attacks and Topology attacks respectively chosen to work on. The simulations were done to understand the impact of the three different attacks on RPL performances metrics including End-to-End Delay (E2ED), throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and average power consumption. The findings show that the three attacks increased the E2ED, decreased the PDR and the network throughput, and degrades the network’, which further raises the power consumption of the network nodes.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm that enables the development of a slew of Services for the future of technology advancements. When it comes to IoT applications, the cyber and physical worlds can be seamlessly integrated, but they are essentially limitless. However, despite the great efforts of standardization bodies, coalitions, companies, researchers, and others, there are still a slew of issues to overcome in order to fully realize the IoT's promise. These concerns should be examined from a variety of perspectives, including enabling technology, applications, business models, and social and environmental consequences. The focus of this paper is on open concerns and challenges from a technological standpoint. We will study the differences in technical such Sigfox, NB-IoT, LoRa, and 6LowPAN, and discuss their advantages and disadvantage for each technology compared with other technologies. Demonstrate that each technology has a position in the internet of things market. Each technology has different advantages and disadvantages it depends on the quality of services, latency, and battery life as a mention. The first will be analysis IoT technologies. SigFox technology offers a long-range, low-power, low-throughput communications network that is remarkably resistant to environmental interference, enabling information to be used efficiently in a wide variety of applications. We analyze how NB-IoT technology will benefit higher-value-added services markets for IoT devices that are willing to pay for exceptionally low latency and high service quality. The LoRa technology will be used as a low-cost device, as it has a very long-range (high coverage).

Consensus is a basic building block in distributed systems for a myriad of related problems that involve agreement. For asynchronous networks, consensus has been proven impossible, and is well known as Augean task. Failure Detectors (FDs) have since emerged as a possible remedy, able to solve consensus in asynchronous systems under certain assumptions. With the increasing use of asynchronous, wireless Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, such as IEEE 802.15.4/6LoWPAN, the demand of applications that require some form of reliability and agreement is on the rise. What was missing so far is an FD that can operate under the tight constraints offered by Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) without compromising the efficiency of the network. We present 6LoFD, an FD specifically aimed at energy and memory efficient operation in small scale, unreliable networks, and evaluate its working principles by using an ns-3 implementation of 6LoFD.

The Internet of Things (IoT) continuously grows as applications require connectivity and sensor networks are being deployed in multiple application domains. With the increased applicability demand, the need for testing and development frameworks also increases. This paper presents a novel simulation framework for testing IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Networks (6LoWPAN) networks using the Mininet-WiFi simulator. The goal of the simulation framework is to allow easier automation testing of large-scale networks and to also allow easy configuration. This framework is a starting point for many development scenarios targeting traffic management, Quality of Service (QoS) or security network features. A basic smart city simulation is presented which demonstrates the working principles of the framework.

This paper proposes a RSSI-based routing protocol for smart pole mesh networks equipped with multiple IEEE 802.11p/WAVE radios. In the IEEE 802.11p based multi-radio multi-channel environments, the performance of traditional mesh routing protocols is severely degraded because of metric measurement overhead. The periodic probe messages for measuring the quality of each channel incurs a large overhead due to the channel switching delay. To solve such an overhead problem, we introduce a routing metric that estimates expected transmission time and proposes a light-weight channel allocation algorithm based on RSSI value only. We evaluate the performance of the proposed solution through simulation experiments with NS-3. Simulation results show that it can improve the network performance in terms of latency and throughput, compared to the legacy WCETT routing scheme.

This paper investigates the robustness of the received signal strength (RSS)-based physical layer authentication (PLA) for wireless mesh networks, through experimental results. Specifically, we develop a secure wireless mesh networking framework and apply the RSS-based PLA scheme, with the aim to perform continuous authentication. The mesh setup comprises three Raspberry-PI4 computing nodes (acting as Alice, Bob, and Eve) and a server. The server role is to perform the initial authentication when a new node joins the mesh network. After that, the legitimate nodes in the mesh network perform continuous authentication, by leveraging the RSS feature of wireless signals. In particular, Bob tries to authenticate Alice in the presence of Eve. The performance of the presented framework is quantified through extensive experimental results in an outdoor environment, where various nodes' positions, relative distances, and pedestrian speeds scenarios are considered. The obtained results demonstrate the robustness of the underlying model, where an authentication rate of 99% for the static case can be achieved. Meanwhile, at the pedestrian speed, the authentication rate can drop to 85%. On the other hand, the detection rate improves when the distance between the legitimate and wiretap links is large (exceeds 20 meters) or when Alice and Eve are moving in different mobility patterns.

ETSI DECT-2020 New Radio (NR) is a new flexible radio interface targeted to support a broad range of wireless Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Recent reports have shown that DECT-2020 NR achieves good delay performance and it has been shown to fulfill both massive machine-type communications (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) requirements for 5th generation (5G) networks. A unique aspect of DECT-2020 as a 5G technology is that it is an autonomous wireless mesh network (WMN) protocol where the devices construct and uphold the network independently without the need for base stations or core network architecture. Instead, DECT-2020 NR relies on part of the network devices taking the role of a router to relay data through the network. This makes deployment of a DECT-2020 NR network affordable and extremely easy, but due to the nature of the medium access protocol, the routing responsibility adds an additional energy consumption burden to the nodes, who in the IoT domain are likely to be equipped with a limited battery capacity. In this paper, we analyze by system level simulations the energy consumption of DECT-2020 NR networks with different network sizes and topologies and how the reported low latencies can be upheld given the energy constraints of IoT devices.

Internet of Things (IoT) evolution calls for stringent communication demands, including low delay and reliability. At the same time, wireless mesh technology is used to extend the communication range of IoT deployments, in a multi-hop manner. However, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are facing link failures due to unstable topologies, resulting in unsatisfied IoT requirements. Named-Data Networking (NDN) can enhance WMNs to meet such IoT requirements, thanks to the content naming scheme and in-network caching, but necessitates adaptability to the challenging conditions of WMNs.In this work, we argue that Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an ideal solution to fill this gap and introduce an integrated SDN-NDN deployment over WMNs involving: (i) global view of the network in real-time; (ii) centralized decision making; and (iii) dynamic NDN adaptation to network changes. The proposed system is deployed and evaluated over the wiLab.1 Fed4FIRE+ test-bed. The proof-of-concept results validate that the centralized control of SDN effectively supports the NDN operation in unstable topologies with frequent dynamic changes, such as the WMNs.

Wireless mesh networks are increasingly deployed as a flexible and low-cost alternative for providing wireless services for a variety of applications including community mesh networking, medical applications, and disaster ad hoc communications, sensor and IoT applications. However, challenges remain such as interference, contention, load imbalance, and congestion. To address these issues, previous work employ load adaptive routing based on load sensitive routing metrics. On the other hand, such approach does not immediately improve network performance because the load estimates used to choose routes are themselves affected by the resulting routing changes in a cyclical manner resulting to oscillation. Although this is not a new phenomenon and has been studied in wired networks, it has not been investigated extensively in wireless mesh and/or sensor networks. We present these instabilities and how they pose performance, security, and energy issues to these networks. Accordingly, we present a feedback-aware mapping system called FARM that handles these instabilities in a manner analogous to a control system with feedback control. Results show that FARM stabilizes routes that improves network performance in throughput, delay, energy efficiency, and security.

A wireless communication system with rotating linearly polarized antennas is built and tested as a method for increasing physical layer security. Controlling the linear polarization angle from 0° to 180° yields bit error rates greater than 20% for 40° of rotation.

Recently, there has been significant enthusiasms in exploiting physical (PHY-) layer characteristics for secure wireless communication. However, most existing PHY-layer security paradigms are information theoretical methodologies, which are infeasible to real and practical systems. In this paper, we propose a weighted fractional Fourier transform (WFRFT) pre-coding scheme to enhance the security of wireless transmissions against eavesdropping. By leveraging the concept of WFRFT, the proposed scheme can easily change the characteristics of the underlying radio signals to complement and secure upper-layer cryptographic protocols. We demonstrate a running prototype based on the LTE-framework. First, the compatibility between the WFRFT pre-coding scheme and the conversational LTE architecture is presented. Then, the security mechanism of the WFRFT pre-coding scheme is demonstrated. Experimental results validate the practicability and security performance superiority of the proposed scheme.

Underwater Wireless Communication Network (UWCN) is highly emerging in recent times due to the broad variety of underwater applications ranging from disaster prediction, environmental resource monitoring, military security surveillance and assisted navigation. Since the kind of accuracy these applications demands from the dynamic underwater environment is really high, so there is a need for effective way of study underwater communication networks. Usually underwater networks can be studied with the help of actual underwater testbed or with the model of the underwater network. Studying the underwater system with the actual underwater testbed is costly. The effective way of analysis can be done by creating a mathematical model of underwater systems. Queuing theory is one of the most popular mathematical theories used for conventional circuit switched networks whereas it can’t be applied for modeling modern packet switched networks which has high variability compared to that of circuit switched networks. So this paper presents Stochastic Network Calculus (SNC) as the mathematical theory for modeling underwater communication networks. Underlying principles and basic models provided by SNC for analyzing the performance graduates of UWCN is discussed in detail for the benefit of researchers looking for the effective mathematical theory for modeling the system in the domain of underwater communication.